Worked Example of X-by-Wire Technology in Electric Vehicle: Braking and Steering

The chapter emphasizes on the worked example of braking system and steering system for electric vehicle. The x-by-wire technology is investigated and validated comprehensively. Brake-by-wire is considered a new brake technology that uses electronic devices and control system instead of conventional brake components to carry out braking function based on wire-transmitted information. However, the physical parameters associated with braking function cause nonlinear characteristics and variations in the braking dynamics, which eventually degrade stability and performance of the system. Therefore, this study presents the design of fuzzy-PID controller for brake-by-wire (BBW) to overcome these undesired effects and also to derive optimal brake force that assists to perform braking operation under distinct road conditions and distinct road types. Electric power-assisted steering (EPAS) system is a new power steering technology for vehicles especially for electric vehicles (EV). It has been applied to displace conventional hydraulic power-assisted steering (HPAS) system due to space efficiency, environmental compatibility, and engine performance. An EPAS system is a driver-assisting feedback system designed to boost the driver input torque to a desired output torque causing the steering action to be undertaken at much lower steering efforts

Experimental validation for low frequency isolation of six degree of freedom systems using inertial sensors

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Experimental validation for low frequency isolation of six degrees of freedom systems using optical inertial sensors

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Fuzzy-pid controller design for brake-by-wire system of electrical vehicle

This study presents Fuzzy-PID controller design for brake-by-wire of electric vehicle.BBW is a new brake technology in which mechanical and hydraulic components of traditional brake systems are replaced by electric circuits and devices to carry out the function of braking in a vehicle by wire-transmitted information. The advantages of electronic devices such as reducing vehicle weight and increasing brake performance are considered the main purposes trend of automotive industry towards this new brake technology. The motivation of this study is to enhance the safety aspects for the vehicle while attaining any desired speed. To achieve that, an optimal brake force at different road types and conditions and for different brake commands must be obtained within a reasonable time and without vehicle sliding.he aforementioned matters are accomplished essentially by obtaining mathematical modeling of the vehicle-wheel dynamics based on braking characteristics behavior. The derived model after that is utilized to construct two different BBW systems named as hard brake and normal brake system to handle and meet various brake situations and conditions which they are built according to the selected state dynamics of each system. In view of that, the mechanism behavior and operating process of both brake systems are dominated by implementing distinct control algorithms based on PID and Fuzzy-PID controllers. Indeed, the fundamental objective of the applied control methods is to attainesired vehicle speed from one side and to maintain vehicle stability and controllability from other side. Above and beyond, BBW operating process is improved by developing new integrated control strategy that involves both designed brakes (hard and normal) in one sole framework. Constructing such a system is primarily based on conventional IFELSE conditional control. Nonetheless, the braking operation of the proposed BBW systems is carried out by utilizing permanent magnetic DC motor according to the predetermined control signal. The simulation analysis of the proposed BBW schemes and their controllers are conducted on MATLAB software using Simulink tool, where five road types and conditions (asphalt (dry, wet), cobblestone (dry, wet) and concrete) are engaged in theanalysis and investigation of the output behavior of the plant and its operating process. Moreover, the study presents supplementary explanation about performance of the proposed actuator (PMDC) as well as about the process of braking mechanism. The simulation results and outcomes demonstrate efficient operating brake systems that lead to obtain desired vehicle speed successfully within reasonable brake time. This is a clear evidence of obtaining safety aspects of the vehicle as well as passengers since control strategy could maintain optimal brake force that leads to shorter stopping distance, hence increasing safety aspects. Furthermore, the ability of proposed control strategies to operate during various situations (hard or normal brake request) at different road conditions is also achieved effectively. Consequently, the aim of the study which is designing electronically brake system for BBW of electric vehicle that can operate in different brake situations and at different road conditions is successfully accomplished and achieved. Finally, after the analysis and discussion of BBW and controller design, suggestions for key future development and enhancement of the current study are presented such as implementing adopted BBW design practically

E-TEST Active Platform assembly procedure

Assembly procedure for the construction and installation of the Active Platform for the E-TEST project. The assembly procedure was then presented to the full E-TEST collaboration and approved

Compact isolation of a large mirror at low frequency

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Einstein Telescope Euregio-Meuse-Rhin Site and Technology

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Research Facilities for Europe’s Next Generation Gravitational-Wave Detector Einstein Telescope

peer reviewedThe Einstein Telescope is Europe’s next generation gravitational-wave detector. To develop all necessary technology, four research facilities have emerged across Europe: The Amaldi Research Center (ARC) in Rome (Italy), ETpathfinder in Maastricht (The Netherlands), SarGrav in the Sos Enattos mines on Sardinia (Italy) and E-TEST in Liége (Belgium) and its surroundings. The ARC pursues the investigation of a large cryostat, equipped with dedicated low-vibration cooling lines, to test full-scale cryogenic payloads. The installation will be gradual and interlaced with the payload development. ETpathfinder aims to provide a low-noise facility that allows the testing of full interferometer configurations and the interplay of their subsystems in an ET-like environment. ETpathfinder will focus amongst others on cryogenic technologies, silicon mirrors, lasers and optics at 1550 and 2090 nm and advanced quantum noise reduction schemes. The SarGrav laboratory has a surface lab and an underground operation. On the surface, the Archimedes experiment investigates the interaction of vacuum fluctuations with gravity and is developing (tilt) sensor technology for the Einstein Telescope. In an underground laboratory, seismic characterisation campaigns are undertaken for the Sardinian site characterisation. Lastly, the Einstein Telecope Euregio meuse-rhine Site & Technology (E-TEST) is a single cryogenic suspension of an ET-sized silicon mirror. Additionally, E-TEST investigates the Belgian–Dutch–German border region that is the other candidate site for Einstein Telescope using boreholes and seismic arrays and hydrogeological characterisation. In this article, we describe the Einstein Telescope, the low-frequency part of its science case and the four research facilities

E-TEST: a compact low-frequency isolator for a large cryogenic mirror

peer reviewedAbstract To achieve the expected level of sensitivity of third-generation gravitational-wave observatories, more accurate and sensitive instruments than those of the second generation must be used to reduce all sources of noise. Amongst them, one of the most relevant is seismic noise, which will require the development of a better isolation system, especially at low frequencies (below 10 Hz), the operation of large cryogenic silicon mirrors, and the improvement of optical wavelength readouts. In this framework, this article presents the activities of the E-TEST (Einstein Telescope Euregio Meuse-Rhine Site & Technology) to develop and test new key technologies for the next generation of GW observatories. A compact isolator system for a large silicon mirror at a low frequency is proposed. The design of the isolator allows the overall height of the isolation system to be significantly compact and also suppresses seismic noise at low frequencies. To minimize the effect of thermal noise, the isolation system is provided with a 100-kg silicon mirror which is suspended in a vacuum chamber at cryogenic temperature (25-40 K). To achieve this temperature without inducing vibrations to the mirror, a radiation-based cooling strategy is employed. In addition, cryogenic sensors and electronics are being developed as part of the E-TEST to detect vibrational motion in the penultimate cryogenic stage. Since the used silicon material is not transparent below the wavelengths typically used for GW detectors, new optical components and lasers must be developed in the range above 1500 nm to reduce absorption and scattering losses. Therefore, solid-state and fiber lasers with a wavelength of 2090 nm, matching high-efficiency photodiodes, and low-noise crystalline coatings are being developed. Accordingly, the key technologies provided by E-TEST serve crucially to reduce the limitations of the current generation of GW observatories and to determine the technical design for the next generation