Recent advancements on the role and analysis of volatile compounds (VOCs) from Trichoderma

Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are soil-borne, green-spored ascomycetes that can be found all ecosystems. In this book chapter is highlighted the variety of volatile compounds isolated from species of Trichoderma, to emphasis their biological activities and general classes of these compounds. Trichoderma are produced various mixtures of gas-phase and carbon-based volatile compounds (VOCs). These compounds comprised chemically diverse classes of low and high molecular weight organic compounds having an appreciable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. In this chapter reviewed approximately 479 of VOCs by all the literatures in this field up to present, and also include the detailed study of biological activity of these compounds, especially the role of biological control mechanism. The compound profiling's are intended to facilitate future chemical work on Trichoderma species by providing an arrangement references to these compounds are categorized and a biosynthetic framework within known classes compounds, can be allocated and to focus intriguing findings as well as promising applications

The Genetic Relationship between Three Trichoderma Species and Inhibitory Effects of T. Harzianum (Rifai) On Ganoderma Boninense

Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with abundant reports on its success as biological control agents of a variety of plant pathogens. Antagonistic assessment by dual culture technique showed that 18 out of 48 selected T. harzianum isolates successfully inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen Ganoderma boninense (isolate: PER71) at 47.86 to 72.06% with the strongest inhibitor exhibited by strain FA30. Eight samples produced effective volatile antifungal compounds which suppressed the growth of PER71 at 24.528 to 58.70 % over 6 days. When the 10 samples were assayed for the production of non-volatile antifungal compounds, whereby showed the inhibitory effects of 18.35 to 40.16% over 6 days. Strain FA30 was the best inhibitor isolate not only by dual culture inhibition technique, but was also the best producer of volatile and non-voltile inhibitor compounds, at 58.70 and 40.16% respectively. The identifications of species of Trichoderma worldwide are currently deduced from micro-morphological descriptions which is tedious and prone to error. This study undertook a molecular approach, using isozyme electrophoresis, random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) analysis and gene sequence of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA of selected Trichoderma isolates. Electrophoretic variation of nine isozyme systems of 47 isolates from 3 species of Trichoderma namely, T. harzianum, T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum were studied. The UPGMA cluster analysis of the isozyme data showed the putatively identified T. harzianum to be distinctly separated from the outgroup sample of T. longibrachiatum, whereas T. aureoviride showed a closer genetic relationship to the T. harzianum populations. No distinct conclusion could be drawn from the dendrogram as the level of separation between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride and may not necessarily indicate a difference at the species level. A second molecular approach used was to extract DNA and characterise the sample for their Random Amplified Microsatelite DNA (RAMS) profile. The RAMS generated dendrogram showed that besides the distinct T. longibrachiatum, 2 other lineages were evident by UPGMA analysis. Again the level of taxonomic difference could not be determined. However, no clear separation was obtained by the dendrogram generated by the neighbor-joining (NJ). The third approach was to putatively sequence the samples using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the rDNA. The nucleotide sequences were multiple aligned and compared against the ex-type strains sequences from the NCBI and TrichoBLAST Genbank database. Results showed that 25 out of the 26 putatively identified T. harzianum were in agreement with the genome of the T. harzianum ex-type strain while the single exception belonged to T. virens instead. The 9 putative T. aureoviride were misidentifications where 7 were T. harzianum and 2 were T. virens based on the Genbank database. The single strain of T. longibrachiatum (IMI: 375055) was in agreement with the ex-type strain. This study showed that conventional identification of T. harzianum, despite being done under the best possible care and condition, can still lead to incorrect identifications. Molecular studies by isozyme analysis did not give confident level of separation at the species level. The dendrogram based on UPGMA from RAMS analysis supported the ITS 1 gene sequence analysis but it could not confirm the specific species level. The ITS 1 region study showed that the gene sequences of Trichoderma samples were the most accurate technique for identification, with a bootstrap stability at 100% and a homology of 98-100%

Identification of Trichoderma species from wet paddy field soil samples

Trichoderma species has gained immense economic importances because of their production of industrial enzymes and antifungal antibiotics, used as biocontrol agents, used in textile industry and as plant growth promoter. Thus, the correct identification of the species is necessary for its commercial demand. Preliminary identification of the species is usually based on its morphological properties, but the result is inadequate for species level identification. Molecular approaches using a single gene to multiple genes have applied for valid species identification. The main aim of this study is to characterize the genetic variability among twenty isolates of Trichoderma, obtained from wet paddy field soil. Data analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA and a partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) were constructed in a phylogenetic analysis and were positively identified as Trichoderma asperellum (85%), T. harzianum (10%) and T. reesei (5%). The result confirmed the potential of molecular data in differentiating the species-specific level among all Trichoderma isolates

Sensitive determination of Tartrazine (E 102) based on Chitosan/Nanoparticles/MWCNTs Modified Gold Electrode in food and beverage products

Food dyes can be categorized into natural and synthetic color. Tartrazine (E 102) which belong to the family of azo dyes and commonly used in food industry. Tartrazine imparts positive and negative benefits as well, by giving attractive physical appearance and consumer acceptance for over centuries. However, excessively intake of food Tartrazine can cause toxicity and pathogenicity to human. Due to arising of the health issues to mankind, researchers gave attentions for determination of Tartrazine by using analytical and advance methods. Currently, there are several analytical methods available, however, these methods are required skilled persons, time consuming and high cost. Herein, an electrochemical sensor was developed based on the combination of nanomaterials (chitosan, calcium nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes) for detection of Tartrazine. Electrochemical behavior of the modified gold electrode in the presence of Tartrazine was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the DPV was detected with different concentrations of Tartrazine in the range of 0.1 to 10 ppm, with low detection limit (3.3s/s)

Effective composting of empty fruit bunches using potential trichoderma strains

Oil palm fibres are easy to degrade, eco-friendly in nature and once composted, they can be categorized under nutrient-enriched biocompost. Biocompost is not only a good biofertilizer but also a good biocontrol agent against soil-borne pathogens. In this research, experimental works on the composting of empty fruit bunches (EFB) from the oil palm industry were conducted using two potential Trichoderma strains. Analysis of pH initially found the soils to be slightly acidic. However, after composting, the soils were found to be alkaline. Trichoderma propagules increased by 72% in the soils compared to other fungi. Soil electrical conductivity was found to be 50.40 μS/cm for compost A, 42.10 μS/cm for compost B and 40.11 μS/cm for the control. The highest C:N ratio was obtained for compost A at 3.33, followed by compost B at 2.79, and then the control at 1.55. The highest percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were found in compost A (0.91:2.13:6.68), which was followed by compost B (0.46:0.83:5.85) and then the control (0.32:0.26:5.76). Thus, the biocomposting of oil palm fibres shows great potential for enhancing soil micronutrient, plant growth performance, and crop yield production

Host Preference, Mode of Damage and Succession of Major Insect Pests of Brinjal

Brinjal is one of the most popular solanaceous vegetables worldwide because of its nutritive and nutraceutical values. In recent decades, brinjal cultivation has been experiencing increased biotic and abioticstresses due to the climate changes, which had affected the cultivation practices, growers’ profit and consumers’ choice to a larger extent. Amongst different insect pests, brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) is the major one causing significant reduction in economic yield followed by epilachna beetle, aphid, jassid and whitefly. On the other hand, proper knowledge on nature of damage, host preference, and seasonal abundance of insect pests is a pre-requisite for development and deployment of an appropriate, effective and timely management strategy against the pests. A pool of literatures on host preferences, damage pattern and succession of major insect pests of brinjal has been reviewed and presented in this paper

Phylogenetic Relationships of Trichoderma harzianum Based on the Sequence Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region -1 of the rDNA

The goal of this study is to determine whether sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer-1 region of the rDNA can be used to detect species level of Trichoderma harzianum. Internal transcribed spacer- 1 region (ITS 1) of the ribosomal DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To test the selected universal primers (ITS1 and ITS2) and conditions of the PCR, thirty-six of Malaysian Trichoderma isolates were used. The results of PCR product were positively performed purification. The PCR purification products were proved possible to amplify the ITS 1 region of all Trichoderma strains.The amplified DNA was sequenced and aligned against using ex-type strains sequencings from TrichoBLAST /GenBank and established Trichoderma taxonomy. Thirty-six isolates were positively identified as Trichoderma harzianum (32 strains) Trichoderma virens (3 strains) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (1 strain) formed clearly defining phylogenetic analysis. T. virens and T. longibrachiatum which were used as an outgroup in these analyses. To this end, thus are proposed that the ITS-1 region sequences are used as the reference’s sequence for future study involving the identification and taxonomy of Trichoderma harzianum. Amplification of ITS 1 region of the rDNA has showed potential as a rapid technique for identifying Trichoderma harzianum successfully fungi in all cases

Mycoparasitism activity of trichoderma harzianum associated with chitinase expression against ganoderma boninense

The filamentous fungus Trichoderma is an important fungus due to its biocontrol properties. This study was conducted on mycoparasitism activity of Trichoderma harzianum T32 against Ganoderma boninense upm001 on the basis of Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) under the scanning electron microscope observation or cell wall degrading enzyme of chitinase gene expression by reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. The mycoparasitism process of Trichoderma harzianum T32 showed the coiling or killing of the Ganoderma boninense upm001 in PSA media. Deformity and shrinkage of Ganoderma mycelia was also observed under the scanning microscope in presence of Trichoderma. The RT-PCR profile showed that chitinase gene was expressed during the mycoprasitism activity in T. harzianum against G. boninense. It could be concluded that chitinase gene was an important element in process of biocontrol activity of Trichoderma as the gene was expressed against G. boninense

Extraction, analytical and advanced methods for detection of allura red AC (E129) in food and beverages products

Allura Red AC (E129) is an azo dye that widely used in drinks, juices, bakery, meat, and sweets products. High consumption of Allura Red has claimed an adverse effects of human health including allergies, food intolerance, cancer, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain damage, nausea, cardiac disease and asthma due to the reaction of aromatic azo compounds (R = R′ = aromatic). Several countries have banned and strictly controlled the uses of Allura Red in food and beverage products. This review paper is critically summarized on the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of Allura Red and also concisely discussed on the acceptable daily intake, toxicology and extraction methods