A multiscale constitutive model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a fracture mechanism in sensitised austenitic stainless steels exposed to critical environments where the intergranular cracks extends along the network of connected susceptible grain boundaries. A constitutive model is presented to estimate the maximum intergranular crack growth by taking into consideration the materials mechanical properties and microstructure characters distribution. This constitutive model is constructed based on the assumption that each grain is a two phase material comprising of grain interior and grain boundary zone. The inherent micro-mechanisms active in the grain interior during IGSCC is based on crystal plasticity theory, while the grain boundary zone has been modelled by proposing a phenomenological constitutive model motivated from cohesive zone modelling approach. Overall, response of the representative volume is calculated by volume averaging of individual grain behaviour. Model is assessed by performing rigorous parametric studies, followed by validation and verification of the proposed constitutive model using representative volume element based FE simulations reported in the literature. In the last section, model application is demonstrated using intergranular stress corrosion cracking experiments which shows a good agreement

A multiscale constitutive model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a fracture mechanism in sensitised austenitic stainless steels exposed to critical environments where the intergranular cracks extends along the network of connected susceptible grain boundaries. A constitutive model is presented to estimate the maximum intergranular crack growth by taking into consideration the materials mechanical properties and microstructure characters distribution. This constitutive model is constructed based on the assumption that each grain is a two phase material comprising of grain interior and grain boundary zone. The inherent micro-mechanisms active in the grain interior during IGSCC is based on crystal plasticity theory, while the grain boundary zone has been modelled by proposing a phenomenological constitutive model motivated from cohesive zone modelling approach. Overall, response of the representative volume is calculated by volume averaging of individual grain behaviour. Model is assessed by performing rigorous parametric studies, followed by validation and verification of the proposed constitutive model using representative volume element based FE simulations reported in the literature. In the last section, model application is demonstrated using intergranular stress corrosion cracking experiments which shows a good agreement

The Adoption of "Like" and "Not Like" USAge by Saudi International Students at a US University

Language change has been a very natural phenomenon throughout the history. Languages adapt, acquire, add, or ultimately quite sadly they extinct. In current study\u27s case, language user acquired, adapt, add features from the source if they spent time and interact with the native speakers of a language and L2 speaker while immersed in the target language culture and linguistic environment. Therefore, it is inevitable to ignore the native feature acquisition process. The current study primarily aimed to look into the adoption and USAge of English particle like as a discourse or pragmatic marker by Saudi female students at an American university in the United States. The results show that the length of the participants stay in the US and the amount of interaction with the American English users have largely influenced their USAge of loose language and gap-filler “like” in their spoken English

Pengakuan Atas Kedudukan Dan Keberadaan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Mha) Pasca Dibentuknya Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa

Law No.6 Year 2014 regarding Villages has impact on the recognition of the existence of traditional communities. This research aims to elaborates about that recognition and this research is a normative legal study. Research problems are (1) how is the concept of the recognition of the existance of traditional communities? (2) how is the legal impact of of the recognition of the existance of traditional communities? It can be concluded that the recognition obtainable through traditional villages in that law. Then, the law gives good impact on the recognition of traditional communities but there are limitation and unification on the rights of the communities.IntisariUU No.6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa berimplikasi terhadap pengakuan atas kedudukan dan keberadaan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (MHA). Penelitian ini ditujukkan untuk mendalami pengakuan tersebut dan dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normatif. Rumusan masalah yang dikemukakan (1) bagaimana konsepsi pengakuan MHA?; (2) bagaimana implikasi yuridis pengakuan desa adat oleh UU Desa atas penguatan MHA? Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah bahwa pengakuan MHA diperoleh melalui adanya Desa Adat yang diakui sebagai Desa. Sedangkan implikasinya positif dalam memberikan legalitas bagi MHA namun memiliki kelemahan yakni adanya pembatasan dan penyeragaman atas hak MHA

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Menggunakan Metode Technique for Order by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan merupakan suatu sistem interaktif yang mendukung keputusan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan melalui alternatif – alternatif yang diperoleh dari hasil pengolahan data, informasi dan rancangan model. Sistem pendukung keputusan pemilihan telepon seluler ini diharapkan dapat membantu para pengguna aplikasi ini untuk memilih telepon seluler sesuai dengan yang diinginkan berdasarkan alternatif dan kriteria yang telah ditentukan oleh pengguna. Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah Technique For Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Metode TOPSIS adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Metode TOPSIS didasarkan pada konsep dimana alternatif terpilih yang terbaik tidak hanya memiliki jarak terpendek dari solusi ideal positif, namun juga memiliki jarak terpanjang dari solusi ideal negatif. Metode TOPSIS memiliki beberapa kelebihan, diantaranya konsepnya yang sederhana dan mudah dipahami, komputasinya efisien, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengukur kinerja relatif dari alternatif-alternatif keputusan dalam bentuk matematis yang sederhana

Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure: MELD Score 30-day Mortality Predictability and Etiology in a Pakistani Population

Background: Cirrhosis is a pathological condition that ultimately leads to liver failure. Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) has a high short term mortality rate. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause of liver failure in our local population. We carried out this study to identity the 30-day mortality and etiology of patients presenting with ACLF using Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score predictability. Methodology: This was a descriptive case series, conducted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from January 31, 2018 to July 30, 2018. One hundred and eighty five patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled using 95% confidence level and 4% margin of error. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS version 23.0. Numerical variables including age was presented by Mean ± S.D. Categorical variables i.e. gender, etiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure and 30-day mortality were presented by frequency and percentage. Data was stratified for age, gender, duration of chronic liver disease and MELD grade to address the effect modifiers. Post-stratification chi-square test was calculated using 95% significance (p≤0.05). Results: Majority of the enrolled patients were male (74.6%) while only 25.4% of the patients were female. One hundred and thirty patients (70.3%) had underlying viral hepatitis while twelve patients (6.5%) and forty three patients (23.2%) presented with alcoholic liver disease and drug-induced ACLF, respectively. Eighty patients (43.2%) died within 30 days of admission.The 30-day mortality with respect to MELD grade was statistically significant (p<0.001) with the highest mortality noted in grade-IV and thirty five patients (43.8%) dying within 30 days of admission (p<0.001). Grade-II and III MELD scores also contributed to the 30-day mortality with twenty three patients (28.8%) and nineteen patients (23.8%) dying within 30 days of admission (p<0.001). Conclusion: MELD scores are able to accurately predict the short-term mortality in patients with ACLF and viral hepatitis was the most common etiology in our population. Early detection and use of appropriate prognostic models may alleviate mortality and morbidity in paitents with ACLF

A study on oxygen independent fitness (anaerobic capacity) in pre-collegiate boys of Vijayapur, North Karnataka, India

Background: The anaerobic capacity is a useful concept, its application during exercise testing should considerably increase the information gained regarding cardiovascular function in health and disease. The objective was to evaluate oxygen independent fitness (anaerobic capacity) in pre-collegiate boys (age group of 16-18 years) of Vijayapur, North Karnataka, India.Methods: Eighty seven young adolescent healthy pre-collegiate boys volunteered for this study. The following parameters were recorded: Physical anthropometric parameters: body surface area, body mass index, body fat percentage, Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, physical fitness index test and anaerobic fitness step test. Correlation analysis and Z tests were used to analyze the obtained data.Results: Physical anthropometric parameters of the subjects were found within normal range. Statistically significant exercise induced rise in blood pressure were observed in physical fitness step test. Anaerobic capacity was correlated with body surface area, body mass index, body fat percentage and pre and post exercise blood pressure. Physical fitness index was not correlated with anaerobic capacity.  Conclusions:The physical fitness index was in good category, normal physiological response to exercise but physical fitness index not correlated with anaerobic capacity. Anaerobic capacity was found within normal range in pre-collegiate boys of age 16-18 years in study area. Ideal body mass index may not be possible in this age group.

Three-dimensional in situ observations of compressive damage mechanisms in syntactic foam using X-ray microcomputed tomography

Royal Society Grant number RG140680 Lloyd's Register Foundation (GB) Oil and Gas Academy of Scotland Open access via Springer Compact AgreementPeer reviewedPublisher PD

On non commutative sinh-Gordon Equation

We give a noncommutative extension of sinh-Gordon equation. We generalize a linear system and Lax representation of the sinh-Gordon equation in noncommutative space. This generalization gives a noncommutative version of the sinh-Gordon equation with extra constraints, which can be expressed as global conserved currents.Comment: 7 Page