Anchoring Secreted Proteins in Endoplasmic Reticulum by Plant Oleosin: The Example of Vitamin B12 Cellular Sequestration by Transcobalamin

BACKGROUND: Oleosin is a plant protein localized to lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum of plant cells. Our idea was to use it to target functional secretory proteins of interest to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells, through expressing oleosin-containing chimeras. We have designed this approach to create cellular models deficient in vitamin B12 (cobalamin) because of the known problematics associated to the obtainment of effective vitamin B12 deficient cell models. This was achieved by the overexpression of transcobalamin inside cells through anchoring to oleosin. METHODOLOGY: chimera gene constructs including transcobalamin-oleosin (TC-O), green fluorescent protein-transcobalamin-oleosin (GFP-TC-O) and oleosin-transcobalamin (O-TC) were inserted into pAcSG2 and pCDNA3 vectors for expression in sf9 insect cells, Caco2 (colon carcinoma), NIE-115 (mouse neuroblastoma), HEK (human embryonic kidney), COS-7 (Green Monkey SV40-transfected kidney fibroblasts) and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells). The subcellular localization, the changes in vitamin B12 binding activity and the metabolic consequences were investigated in both Caco2 and NIE-115 cells. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: vitamin B12 binding was dramatically higher in TC-O than that in O-TC and wild type (WT). The expression of GFP-TC-O was observed in all cell lines and found to be co-localized with an ER-targeted red fluorescent protein and calreticulin of the endoplasmic reticulum in Caco2 and COS-7 cells. The overexpression of TC-O led to B12 deficiency, evidenced by impaired conversion of cyano-cobalamin to ado-cobalamin and methyl-cobalamin, decreased methionine synthase activity and reduced S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosyl homocysteine ratio, as well as increases in homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: the heterologous expression of TC-O in mammalian cells can be used as an effective strategy for investigating the cellular consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency. More generally, expression of oleosin-anchored proteins could be an interesting tool in cell engineering for studying proteins of pharmacological interest

Vitamin B12-Impaired Metabolism Produces Apoptosis and Parkinson Phenotype in Rats Expressing the Transcobalamin-Oleosin Chimera in Substantia Nigra

International audienceThe development of fearfulness and the capacity of animals to cope with stressful events are particularly sensitive to early experience with mothers in a wide range of species. However, intrinsic characteristics of young animals can modulate maternal influence. This study evaluated the effect of intrinsic fearfulness on non-genetic maternal influence. Quail chicks, divergently selected for either higher (LTI) or lower fearfulness (STI) and from a control line (C), were cross-fostered by LTI or STI mothers. Behavioural tests estimated the chicks' emotional profiles after separation from the mother. Whatever their genotype, the fearfulness of chicks adopted by LTI mothers was higher than that of chicks adopted by STI mothers. However, genetic background affected the strength of maternal effects: the least emotional chicks (STI) were the least affected by early experience with mothers. We demonstrated that young animal's intrinsic fearfulness affects strongly their sensitivity to non-genetic maternal influences. A young animal's behavioural characteristics play a fundamental role in its own behavioural development processes

Cytokines in Endocrine Dysfunction of Plasma Cell Disorders

Monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are classically associated with lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal insufficiency. However, in some cases, symptoms of endocrine dysfunction are more prominent than these classical signs and misdiagnosis can thus be possible. This concerns especially the situation where the presence of M-protein is limited and the serum protein electrophoresis (sPEP) appears normal. To understand the origin of the endocrine symptoms associated with MG, we overview here the current knowledge on the complexity of interactions between cytokines and the endocrine system in MG and discuss the perspectives for both the diagnosis and treatments for this class of diseases. We also illustrate the role of major cytokines and growth factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF in the endocrine system, as these tumor-relevant signaling molecules not only help the clonal expansion and invasion of the tumor cells but also influence cellular metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We further discuss the broader impact of these tumor environment-derived molecules and proinflammatory state on systemic hormone signaling. The diagnostic challenges and clinical work-up are illustrated from the point of view of an endocrinologist

Prolifération cellulaire et protéine HuR dans les méningiomes

Introduction et objectifs : Les méningiomes sont des tumeurs intracrâniennes pour la plupart de bas grade, dont les récidives sont cependant fréquentes. Le premier objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer la valeur pronostique de marqueurs de prolifération dans une série de 60 méningiomes. HuR (ELAV-like 1) est une protéine pro-oncogène pouvant stimuler la prolifération et la survie cellulaire. Dans la seconde partie de cette étude, nous analysons l'expression de HuR et les effets de l'inhibition de HuR sur la prolifération, l'apoptose et la résistance à l'hypoxie. Résultats : Il existe une corrélation significative entre le grade histologique et l'expression nucléaire de MCM6 (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p<0,001) et PHH3 (p<0,001), et une corrélation inverse entre ces marqueurs et la survie sans récidive (Cox ; MCM6 : p<0,001 ; Ki-67 : p=0,003 ; PHH3 : p=0,037). L'expression cytoplasmique de HuR est corrélée négativement avec la survie sans récidive (p=0,028), et positivement avec le grade (I vs II : p=0,0007), l'indice mitotique (p=0,0001), Ki-67 (p=0,0007) et MCM6 (p=0,0009). In vitro, l'inhibition de HuR (siRNA) entraîne une diminution de la croissance cellulaire (p=0,0004) et de la prolifération (Ki-67, p=0,0004), et une augmentation de l'apoptose (caspase 3 clivée, p=0,002), ces différents effets étant significativement augmentés en hypoxie. L'inhibition de HuR entraîne également une diminution de SIRT1 en normoxie (p=0,01) et en hypoxie (p=0,0006). Conclusion : MCM6 est un marqueur efficace pour identifier les méningiomes à haut risque de récidive. HuR est un marqueur de mauvais pronostic, dont l'inhibition permet de diminuer la prolifération cellulaire et d'augmenter l'apoptoseIntroduction and objectives: Meningiomas are frequent and in most of cases low grade intracranial tumors, with frequent recurrences. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of proliferation and cell cycle markers in a series of 60 meningiomas. HuR (ELAV-like 1) is a pro-oncogenic protein that stimulates cell proliferation and survival. In the second part of this study, the objective was to evaluate HuR expression, and the effects of HuR inhibition on proliferation, apoptosis and resistance to hypoxia. Results: We found a significant correlation between histological grade and nuclear staining for MCM6 (p<0.001), Ki-67 (p<0.001) and PHH3 (p<0.001), and an inverse correlation between these markers and reccurence free survival (Cox; MCM6: p<0.001; Ki-67: p=0.003; PHH3: p=0.037). Cytoplasm staining for HuR was significantly stronger in atypical meningiomas (grades I vs II: p=0.0007), inversely correlated with progression free survival (p=0.028), and was positively correlated with mitotic index (p=0.0001), Ki-67 (p=0.0007) and MCM6 (p=0.0009). In vitro, HuR inhibition (siRNA) led to a significant decrease of cell growth (p=0.0004) and proliferation (Ki-67, p=0.0004), and an increase of apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, p=0.002). These effects were significantly increased under hypoxia, comparing with normoxia. When HuR was inhibited, SIRT1 was decreased, both under normoxia (p=0.01) and hypoxia (p=0.0006). Conclusion: In conclusion, MCM6 is an efficient marker to identify meningiomas with high risk of recurrence. HuR is correlated with a poor prognosis. Its inhibition allows to decrease cell proliferation and to increase apoptosisNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La carence en vitamine B12 induit un stress du réticulum endoplasmique dû à une diminution de la déacétylase SIRT1 et une augmentation de l'acétylation de HSF1

La carence en vitamine B12 est fréquente chez les sujets âgés et produit un vieillissement cérébral par des mécanismes malconnus. La vitamine B12 joue un rôle majeur dans les régulations épigénomiques dépendantes de la S-adénosyl méthionine (SAM). Nous avons établi un modèle de cellules neuronales dopaminergiques NIE115 carencé en vitamine B12 par l'expression stable d'une protéine chimère : la transcobalamine-oléosine (TO) réduisant la disponibilité cellulaire en B12, la SAM et la prolifération cellulaire. La protéine chimère oléosine-transcobalamine (OT) ne lie pas la B12 et constitue un contrôle. Les cellules TO ont une diminution B12-dépendante de la déacétylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) et un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) avec une augmentation des transducteurs transmembranaires, une diminution des protéines chaperonnes et une augmentation des marqueurs pro-apoptotiques. La diminution de l'expression de SIRT1 déclenche le stress du RE en réponse au stress nutritionnel. Cette diminution produit une augmentation de HSF1 acétylé diminuant l'expression des protéines chaperons. L'ajout de B12, des activateurs de SIRT1 et HSF1, la surexpression de SIRT1 et HSF1 réduisent le stress du RE. Dans les cellules contrôles, le traitement par la thapsigargin, l'inhibition de SIRT1 et HSF1 induisent également un stress du RE réversible en présence de B12. Le traitement des cellules OT par Adox (inhibiteur des méthyltransférases) induit les mêmes effets que la carence. En conclusion, la carence en B12 induit un stress du RE via la diminution de SIRT1 et l'augmentation de HSF1 acétylé, l'ajout de B12 induit des effets neuro-protecteurs sur les cellules soumises à un stress du RE. Ces résultats suggèrent d'évaluer les effets des agonistes de SIRT1 sur les complications cérébrales de la carenceVitamin B12 deficiency is common in elderly population and produces neurodegenerative disorders by elusive mechanisms. B12 is a key determinant for the S-adenosyl methionine-dependent epigenomic regulations. We have established a B12-deficient cell model via the stable expression of transcobalamin-oleosin chimera (TO), which impairs cellular availability of vitamin B12, reduces SAM level and cell proliferation. Since the expression of oleosin transcobalamin chimera (OT) does not modify the phenotype of the transfected cells, these cells serve as control cells. TO cells present a B12-dependant decrease of deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) reflected by the increased expression of ER stress tranducers, decreased chaperon proteins and increased pro-apoptotic markers. We propose that the decreased expression of SIRT1 triggers cell response to nutritional stress through ER stress. This decrease results in a greater acetylation of heat-shock factor protein 1 (HSF1) and thus reducing the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Adding B12, SIRT1, or HSF1 activators as well as overexpressing SIRT1 or HSF1 reduce ER stress. In OT cells, thapsigargin treatment or impairing SIRT1 and HSF1 leads to B12-reversible ER stress. Treating OT cells with AdoX, an inhibitor of methyltransferase activities, produces effects similar to those observed in cells with decreased B12 availability.In summary, the impaired cellular availability of vitamin B12 induces ER stress by increasing HSF1 acetylation through a decreased SIRT1 expression and adding vitamin B12 produces neuro-protective effects in cells subjected to prior ER stress. These results suggest evaluating the effects of SIRT1 agonists on cerebral complications due to a B12 deficiencyMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocNANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La carence en vitamine B12 induit un stress du réticulum endoplasmique dû à une diminution de la déacétylase SIRT1 et une augmentation de l'acétylation de HSF1

La carence en vitamine B12 est fréquente chez les sujets âgés et produit un vieillissement cérébral par des mécanismes malconnus. La vitamine B12 joue un rôle majeur dans les régulations épigénomiques dépendantes de la S-adénosyl méthionine (SAM). Nous avons établi un modèle de cellules neuronales dopaminergiques NIE115 carencé en vitamine B12 par l'expression stable d'une protéine chimère : la transcobalamine-oléosine (TO) réduisant la disponibilité cellulaire en B12, la SAM et la prolifération cellulaire. La protéine chimère oléosine-transcobalamine (OT) ne lie pas la B12 et constitue un contrôle. Les cellules TO ont une diminution B12-dépendante de la déacétylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) et un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) avec une augmentation des transducteurs transmembranaires, une diminution des protéines chaperonnes et une augmentation des marqueurs pro-apoptotiques. La diminution de l'expression de SIRT1 déclenche le stress du RE en réponse au stress nutritionnel. Cette diminution produit une augmentation de HSF1 acétylé diminuant l'expression des protéines chaperons. L'ajout de B12, des activateurs de SIRT1 et HSF1, la surexpression de SIRT1 et HSF1 réduisent le stress du RE. Dans les cellules contrôles, le traitement par la thapsigargin, l'inhibition de SIRT1 et HSF1 induisent également un stress du RE réversible en présence de B12. Le traitement des cellules OT par Adox (inhibiteur des méthyltransférases) induit les mêmes effets que la carence. En conclusion, la carence en B12 induit un stress du RE via la diminution de SIRT1 et l'augmentation de HSF1 acétylé, l'ajout de B12 induit des effets neuro-protecteurs sur les cellules soumises à un stress du RE. Ces résultats suggèrent d'évaluer les effets des agonistes de SIRT1 sur les complications cérébrales de la carenceVitamin B12 deficiency is common in elderly population and produces neurodegenerative disorders by elusive mechanisms. B12 is a key determinant for the S-adenosyl methionine-dependent epigenomic regulations. We have established a B12-deficient cell model via the stable expression of transcobalamin-oleosin chimera (TO), which impairs cellular availability of vitamin B12, reduces SAM level and cell proliferation. Since the expression of oleosin transcobalamin chimera (OT) does not modify the phenotype of the transfected cells, these cells serve as control cells. TO cells present a B12-dependant decrease of deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) reflected by the increased expression of ER stress tranducers, decreased chaperon proteins and increased pro-apoptotic markers. We propose that the decreased expression of SIRT1 triggers cell response to nutritional stress through ER stress. This decrease results in a greater acetylation of heat-shock factor protein 1 (HSF1) and thus reducing the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Adding B12, SIRT1, or HSF1 activators as well as overexpressing SIRT1 or HSF1 reduce ER stress. In OT cells, thapsigargin treatment or impairing SIRT1 and HSF1 leads to B12-reversible ER stress. Treating OT cells with AdoX, an inhibitor of methyltransferase activities, produces effects similar to those observed in cells with decreased B12 availability.In summary, the impaired cellular availability of vitamin B12 induces ER stress by increasing HSF1 acetylation through a decreased SIRT1 expression and adding vitamin B12 produces neuro-protective effects in cells subjected to prior ER stress. These results suggest evaluating the effects of SIRT1 agonists on cerebral complications due to a B12 deficiencyMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocNANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF