Comparative evaluation of surface detail reproduction and dimensional stability of poly ether, polyvinyl siloxane and vinyl polysiloxane ether impression materials: An In Vitro study

BACKGROUND: An accurate duplication of the patients hard and soft tissue is an significant. one to give a precise fitting cast restoration. Impression making an integral part of prosthetic dentistry. Development of material science has allowed integrating qualities of hydrophilic poly ether and hydrophobic polyvinyl siloxane into a newer hybrid material vinyl polysiloxane ether. The aim of this In vitro experiment is to compare the newer material vinyl polysiloxane ether with the poly ether and polyvinyl siloxane in terms of accuracy and dimensional stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stainless steel dies with ADA specification 19 was made. Die has 3 horizontal and 2 vertical lines are used for taking impression. The horizontal lines are labeled one, two, and three. The horizontal line has a width of the 0.60 mm. Two cross-points at the junction of the vertical lines with line 2 were patent as x and x' serve. These lines were the beginning and end points of dimensions for dimensional accuracy. Accuracy was evaluated 30 minutes after making each impression stored in room Stainless steel dies with ADA specification 19 was made. Die has 3 horizontal and 2 vertical lines are used for taking impression. The horizontal lines are labeled one, two, and three. The horizontal line has a width of the 0.60 mm. Two cross-points at the junction of the vertical lines with line 2 were patent as x and x' serve. These lines were the beginning and end points of dimensions for dimensional accuracy. Accuracy was evaluated 30 minutes after making each impression stored in room temperature. Continuity of line of replication is measured. If at least 2 of the 3 horizontal lines were reproduced continuously between cross points, this impression was considered satisfactory. The specimens are poured with type IV gypsum product and allowed to set completely for 24 hours. Then dimensional stability was measured in the model by measuring the distance between the two lines and comparing the distance with the measurement of line on metal die which was used to make the impression. RESULTS: The mean value obtained for the vinyl polysiloxane ether light was 0.0 5370 and for medium was 0.05330. the mean value for light and medium bodied polyvinyl siloxane was 0.06370 and 0.07150 and the mean value for poly ether monophase was 0.06430 respectively. A 2-way ANOVA statistical analysis gave a significance of p=0.005 while the post- hoc test for inter group analysis gave a p value of > 0.05. CONCLUSION: The newer vinyl polysiloxane ether material showed good surface detail reproduction and Dimensional Stability among all five materials. Although these differences when compared to the master die were significant, such a small discrepancy between the five groups, in relation to the overall dimension can be considered clinically insignificant, such a small discrepancy between the five groups, in relation to the overall dimension can be considered clinically insignificant

Vagal Withdrawal and Sympathetic Overactivity Contribute to the Genesis of Early-Onset Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

Objective. In this study, we have assessed sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) that contributes to the genesis of early-onset PIH. Methods. Body mass index (BMI), basal heart rate (BHR), blood pressure (BP) and HRV indices such as LFnu, HFnu, LF-HF ratio, mean RR, SDNN and RMSSD were assessed in normal pregnant women (Control group) and pregnant women having risk factors for PIH (Study group) at all the trimesters pregnancy. Retrospectively, those who did not develop PIH (Study group I) were separated from those who developed PIH (Study group II). Study group II was subdivided into early-onset and late-onset PIH. Sympathovagal balance (LF-HF ratio) was correlated with BMI, BHR and BP. Results. LF-HF ratio was significantly high in study group II compared to study group I and control group, and in early-onset PIH group compared to the late-onset category at all the trimesters of pregnancy, which was significantly correlated with BHR and BP. Alteration in HFnu in early-onset category was more prominent than the alteration in LFnu. Conclusion. Though the SVI in PIH is contributed by both sympathetic overactivity and vagal withdrawal, especially in early-onset type, SVI is mainly due to vagal inhibition

1-[2-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]ethanone

In the title compound, C16H14ClN3O2, the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole ring [maximum deviation = 0.030 (1) Å] and the pyridine ring [maximum deviation = 0.012 (1) Å] are inclined slightly to one another, making a dihedral angle of 11.91 (5)°. The chloro-substituted phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole and pyridine rings at dihedral angles of 86.86 (5) and 75.26 (5)°, respectively. In the crystal, π–π [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7311 (6) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions are observed

Changing trends in diagnostics of trypanosomosis in animals

Animal trypanosomosis presents special problems with regard to diagnosis since the clinical signs are not pathognomonic and standard parasitological techniques are not sufficiently sensitive. Formol-gel and mercuric chloride tests using serum of infected animals were adopted as a routine diagnostic tool for trypanosomosis, however, these chemical tests suffer from inherent problem of non specificity. To overcome this problem, alternative methods of diagnosis were developed, which detected antibody responses to antigens of infecting trypanosomes. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and the card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT) were found to be useful tests for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections in view of their sensitivity and specificity. However, antibody detection tests failed to distinguish between current and past infections because of persistent antibody titres. Recently, development of assays for the detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens in infected animals has circumvented this problem since antigen-positivity indicates existing infection. Latex agglutination test, being simple to perform, rapid, convenient, cost-effective could be quite suitable for field-level diagnosis and screening of trypanosomosis. Presently molecular diagnostic techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probes for detection of parasitic DNA have been used more efficiently as these indicate a sure sign of an active infection. These techniques eliminate the possibilities of cross-reaction and offer high specificity and sensitivity for detection of trypanosomosis in animals

Informant consensus factor and antimicrobial activity of ethno medicines used by the tribes of wayanad district kerala

The ethno botanical investigation of medicinal plants used by the Kurichia, Kuruma, Kattunaika, Adiya and Paniya tribes of Wayanad district, Kerala were recorded. One thousand(1000)ethno medicines derived from 500 plants used by the tribal medical practitioners weredocumented. Of this, 10 species were frequently used for treating various infectious diseases. An informant consensus factor was calculated for 10 species which are being frequently used. The leaf extracts of these plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureusand Aspergillus niger.Among the plants screenedGarcinia gummi gutta(Clusiaceae) was found to possess highly significantantibacterial activity and significant antifungal activity was observed inNothapodytes nimmoniana (Icacinaceae) which possess highest antifungal activity. These two species have shown the highest informant consensus factor values

Occurrence of cystoisosporosis among domestic cats in Thrissur district, Kerala

This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cystoisosporosis among domestic cats in Thrissur district, Kerala. A total of 155 cats were included in this study. Faecal samples collected from all the cats were subjected examination by direct smear method and floatation by Sheather’s sugar solution. Of 155 faecal samples examined, oocysts were found in 28 cats (18.06 per cent). Among these, 12 were collected from cats with signs of gastrointestinal diseases and 16 from cats which are apparently healthy with firm faeces. Mixed infection with Cystoisospora spp and Toxocara, Ancylostoma and Cystoisospora were also detected in three (1.94 per cent) and one (0.65 per cent) cat respectively. Various risk factors associated with the infection were also studied. Prevalence was found to be higher in cats less than six months old. Gender and breed were not affected the prevalence. This study demonstrates that cystoisosporosis is common in cats

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Role of parasitic vaccines in integrated control of parasitic diseases in livestock

Parasitic infections adversely affect animal’s health and threaten profitable animal production, thus affecting the economy of our country. These infections also play a major role in the spread of zoonotic diseases. Parasitic infections cause severe morbidity and mortality in animals especially those affecting the gastrointestinal system and thus affect the economy of livestock owner by decreasing the ability of the farmer to produce economically useful animal products. Due to all these reasons proper control of parasitic infection is critically important for sustained animal production. The most common and regularly used method to control parasitic infection is chemotherapy, which is very effective but has several disadvantages like drug resistance and drug residues. Integrated approaches to control parasitic infections should be formulated including grazing management, biological control, genetic resistance of hosts, and parasitic vaccines. India ranks first in cattle and buffalo population, but the majority of livestock owners have fewer herds, so other measures like grazing management, biological control, genetic resistance of hosts are not much practical to use. The most sustainable and economical approach to control parasitic infection in our country is to vaccinate animals, although vaccines increase the initial cost, but the immunity offered by the vaccine are long lived. Thus, vaccination of animals for various clinical, chronic, subclinical parasitic infections will be a cheaper and effective alternative to control parasitic infection for long time and improve animal production