Gender Differences of Multidimensional Child Poverty in China: Spatial-Temporal Variation and Influencing Factors

Children are the hope of the future, but they are also the most vulnerable to poverty. Gender differences in children have been a major concern in society, and research on gender differences in multidimensional child poverty and their causes has important theoretical value and practical significance for child poverty reduction. Based on spatio-temporal analysis, we selected five dimensions of nutrition, health, education, individual growth, living conditions and 16 corresponding evaluation indicators to construct an evaluation index system of multidimensional poverty among children in China. The multidimensional poverty index of Chinese boys and girls from 2010 to 2018 was measured using the Alkire-Foster (A-F)method. Additionally, the spatio-temporal variations of gender differences in multidimensional child poverty during the period was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and other methods, and a binary logistic regression model was applied to explore the influencing factors of gender differences. The results reveal the following: 1) The multidimensional poverty index of Chinese children decreased year by year during the study period, and the gender gap tended to narrow, with the poverty level of boys being higher from 2010 to 2012, while that of girls exceeded that of boys after 2014. Moreover, the gender difference in child poverty is mainly reflected in nutrition and living conditions. In terms of the contribution rate of indicators, the gender difference in the contribution rate of weight indicators is the largest, followed by height, family companionship, and enrollment at an appropriate age. 2) The multidimensional poverty index of boys and girls reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of "East-Central-West" stepwise increase. Compared with boys, the spatial clustering effect of multidimensional poverty among girls is more obvious. In 2018, the regions with significant gender differences in multidimensional child poverty are mainly concentrated in the five provinces of Fujian, Hunan, Jilin, Shaanxi, and Hubei. Additionally, the overall situation of multidimensional poverty among girls is more serious. 3) Since 2010, the gender differences in multidimensional poverty among children in China's urban and rural areas have displayed a decreasing trend; the gender gap is generally higher among urban children than rural children. In 2018, the gender gap in poverty among urban children is very significant in the four provinces and cities of Fujian, Chongqing, Hunan, and Guizhou, while that among rural children is more serious in Heilongjiang and Shaanxi provinces. These six provinces exhibit more poverty among girls, indicating that this is a priority for future improvement. 4) Urban-rural attributes, parental marital status, household income, and the highest level of education among parents are important factors influencing the gender differences in multidimensional poverty among children. Among these, household income has a deeper impact on girls, while urban-rural attributes, parental marital status, and the highest level of education among parents have a more significant impact on boys

Association between sarcopenia grade and fall history among older adults in West China: A retrospective study

Objectives The association between sarcopenia severity and fall history remains under-researched at present. Accordingly, this study was developed to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenic status and prior fall events in a multiethnic group of older community-dwelling adults in Western China.Design A retrospective survey study, the data comes from the West China Health and Aging Trend study.Setting The study was based in Western China.Participants In total, this retrospective analysis incorporated data from 2719 older adults (59.2% women).Primary and secondary outcome measures Grip strength, gait speed and skeletal muscle mass index values were analysed for all participants, and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2014 and 2019 consensus criteria were leveraged to assess sarcopenia status in these individuals. Prior fall history was defined by any incidents in which an individual unintentionally came to rest on the floor within the past year. The association between sarcopenia status and fall history was examined through a binary logistic regression approach, with p<0.05 as the threshold for significance.Results Using the AWGS2014 and AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria, of the individuals included in this study cohort 1851 (68.1%) were free of sarcopenia, 160 (5.9%) and 56 (2.1%) showed only muscle-mass loss, 322 (11.8%) and 267 (9.8%) exhibited non-severe sarcopenia and the remaining 386 (14.2%) and 545 (20.0%) exhibited severe sarcopenia, respectively. Previous fall events were reported for 14.8% of study cohort members. After full adjustment for potential confounders, a significant link between severe sarcopenia diagnosed by the AWGS2014 diagnostic criteria and fall history was observed (OR 1.397, 95% CI 1.029 to 1.896, p=0.032), while the AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria did not (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.982 to 1.694, p=0.068).Conclusions Severe sarcopenia, as defined per the AWGS2014 criteria, was associated with a significantly higher risk of falls in this multiethnic cohort of older adults from Western China, while the AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria did not. However, this relationship was not observed for individuals who experienced muscle mass loss or had non-severe sarcopenia, according to both the AWGS2014 and AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria

Additional file 1 of Genome-wide association analyses identified novel susceptibility loci for pulmonary embolism among Han Chinese population

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Regional association plot at genome-wide association study (GWAS) genome-wide significant loci. Fig. S2. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of Han Chinese PE cohort. Fig. S3. FUMA Manhattan plot and QQ plot of genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Fig. S4. The transfection efficiency of cellular experiments for FABP2. Fig. S5. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of patients with different genotypes of rs1799883. Fig. S6. Forest plot for the association of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) with PE. Fig. S7. Ancestry-specific polygenic risk score (PRS) ROC plot. Fig. S8. Performance of different PRSVTE in the CURES testing set

Additional file 2 of Genome-wide association analyses identified novel susceptibility loci for pulmonary embolism among Han Chinese population

Additional file 2: Table S1. Independent genome-wide significant lead SNPs associated with pulmonary embolism (PE) in the discovery stage and replication stage. Table S2. The allele frequency of identified loci in 1000Genomes. Table S3. Replication of associations for the known loci in our cohort. Table S4. Association results for genes that were significant in FUMA gene-based analysis. Table S5. Polygenic risk score variants. Table S6. Polygenic risk score (PRS) quantile and odds ratio (OR)