Effects of septal lesion and habit requirement on the acquisition of a CAR in rats

The inordinate difficulty encountered by some investigators (Meyer, Cho, & Wesemann, 1960; D'Amato & Shiff, 1964) while attempting to establish a discriminated lever press avoidance response with rats severely limited the use of discriminated avoidance paradigms and raised several problems of a theoretical nature. The procedure involves training animals to perform a response in the presence of a stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, CS) which signals the occurrence of an aversive stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus, US), which is, generally, shock. The response, either pressing a lever in a Skinner box, or shuttling between two compartments in a shuttle box avoidance situation, terminates the signal and prevents the advent of the US. The efficacy of discontinuous (intermittent) shock as the US in facilitating the acquisition of a discriminated avoidance response (Hurwitz, 1964; D'Amato, Keller, & DiCara, 1964) served only to present additional difficulties for a theoretical explanation of discriminated avoidance behaviors (D'Amato et_al., 1964). This study is a partial attempt to resolve the theoretical questions posed by the effects of discontinuous shock in avoidance situations

Visually evoked responses and reaction times in man : effects of interocular and intraocular disparity

Interocular and intraocular inhibitory effects on visually evoked responses (VERs) and reaction times (RTs) in man as a function of the degree of retinal disparity were studied. Evoked potentials were recorded with scalp electrodes located on the midline and 2.5 cm to the right of the midline over the occipital area. An evoking stimulus (a transient light flash) was always viewed by the right eye while a steadily illuminated stimulus (the "inhibitory" stimulus) was viewed by either the left eye (interocular condition) or the right eye (intraocular condition). Three hypotheses were proposed: First, that the overall amplitude of the VER would decrease and reaction time would increase when the distance between the retinal points being stimulated by the continuous stimulus and the transient stimulus is reduced; second, that the inhibitory effect would be interocular in nature and third, that, due to the stronger inhibitory effects within the central receptive fields, the VER to foveal stimulation should more readily attenuate and RT more readily increase as the degree of disparity is decreased between the continuous and transient stimuli than would be the case if the two types of stimulation are shifted to more peripheral retinal receptive fields where inhibitory effects are less strong

Practical Considerations for High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscopy

Although recent years have seen significant advances in the spatial resolution possible in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the temporal resolution of most microscopes is limited to video rate at best. This lack of temporal resolution means that our understanding of dynamic processes in materials is extremely limited. High temporal resolution in the TEM can be achieved, however, by replacing the normal thermionic or field emission source with a photoemission source. In this case the temporal resolution is limited only by the ability to create a short pulse of photoexcited electrons in the source, and this can be as short as a few femtoseconds. The operation of the photo-emission source and the control of the subsequent pulse of electrons (containing as many as 5 x 10{sup 7} electrons) create significant challenges for a standard microscope column that is designed to operate with a single electron in the column at any one time. In this paper, the generation and control of electron pulses in the TEM to obtain a temporal resolution <10{sup -6} s will be described and the effect of the pulse duration and current density on the spatial resolution of the instrument will be examined. The potential of these levels of temporal and spatial resolution for the study of dynamic materials processes will also be discussed

Decree, E. B. Mayfield versus William White, signed by Wesley Shuttlesworth, Bibb County, Alabama, January 20, 1843

This item is from the Early Alabama Documents collection. It consists of documents from the mid-nineteenth century, including store and tax receipts, court orders, letters, property appraisals, etc., from Alabama, Tennessee, and Mississippi, mainly pertaining to West Alabama

Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth

In this interview, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth discusses his early life and his eventual role in the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the interview, Shuttlesworth speaks about the role of his religious faith played in his life and his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956 Alabama outlawed the NAACP. Shuttlesworth recounts holding a meeting when a deputy approached with a pistol and demanded that that no other NAACP meetings be held. Knowing that he would probably be arrested, Shuttlesworth called a mass meeting at Sardis Baptist Church in Birmingham. There were 600-700 attendees. During this meeting, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights was formed. This organization was formed to get around the law that prohibited NAACP meetings. Regular meetings continued to be held, with detectives sitting in. He also details his involvement with Bull Connor. Shuttlesworth consistently maintained that African-Americans be allowed to serve on the police force; this request eventually resulted in a confrontation with Connor at the Birmingham City Hall. In this interview, Shuttlesworth also describes the Klan's attempt on his life which he says did not slow down his efforts; his religious faith gave him strength to continue. Shortly after this event, he organized a bus ride in Birmingham, where blacks sat with whites. Shuttlesworth recounts being beaten for trying to enroll his children in Phillips High School. He also describes the constant harassment from the local police department. He recalls sitting in the white section of an Atlanta train station and the mob scene that resulted from this action. In 1958, Shuttlesworth's church was bombed; the person behind this incident was brought trail 22 years later and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He recalls that very few white people were involved in the movement. Shuttlesworth believes that most were afraid to speak up and simply accepted the law. He added that they were also afraid of Bull Connor and afraid of being ostracized. He briefly mentions the involvement of other Civil Rights leaders in Birmingham. Shuttlesworth's organization invited Martin Luther King Jr. to Birmingham. Shuttlesworth says: we invited him because Birmingham was the citadel of segregation. Shuttlesworth sees the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement as the opening wedge for other movements, like the peace movement

Literary Collectives Of The New Negro Renaissance And The Negritude Movement.

The New Negro Renaissance and the Negritude Movement comprise two important bodies of literature. Much of the activity of the New Negro Renaissance took place in Harlem in the 1920s. The Negritude Movement flourished in Paris in the 1930s. Although they were all descendents of Africa, these writers lived on different continents at different times; one group spoke English and the other French. I wished to see whether a basic similarity existed in these works or whether few connections could be seen. By exploring the social milieu of these movements and reading the early literature of the artists, I found evidence of a consciousness shared by blacks in varying circumstances and times. The works of these two movements shared themes, images and sentiments. Further and most importantly, the writers associated closely. Within each group and between groups, the writers worked to establish and increase communication. This spirit of collectivity generated a new sense of community. Because of this communal spirit, the outpourings of these movements can best be understood by studying the joined effort of the artists, the journals and anthologies. This approach changes the focus of criticism of these movements from the consideration of individual personalities and their social interaction to the artistic products, and substitutes an internal literary emphasis for the traditional external criticism. My study traced the genesis and development of major journals between 1920 and 1950 from the United States, the Caribbean, and Paris. Pivotal volumes include the special Survey Graphic Harlem edition which Alain Locke edited and revised to the landmark The New Negro, Revue indigene which ushered Indigenism into Haiti, and La Revue du Monde Noir which spurred Legitime Defense and L'Etudiant Noir in Paris. The study of the journals proves the links between the organs and the movements themselves.Ph.D.Comparative literatureLanguage, Literature and LinguisticsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/127566/2/8106227.pd