Energy distribution of electrons with E < 800 eV in the areomagnetosphere

The electron distribution functions measured in the neighborhood of Mars by means of the Hyperbolic Retarding Potential Analyzer (HARP) carried aboard the Phobos 2 spacecraft are presented. The measurements were carried out over an energy/charge (E/q) from ~0.3 eV to ~800 eV in eight independent angular sectors ~ 20[deg] x 10[deg] covering the FOV ~ 180[deg] in the X-Z plane in the antisolar directions.The total intensity and energy distribution function of electrons downstream of the bow shock clearly differ from those in the undisturbed solar wind. The electron fluxes are significantly increased and the energy distribution of electrons in the magnetosheath was found to be characterized by the double-peaked structure. The high energy fluxes often exceed the flux values for the low energy peak.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/29560/1/0000648.pd

Tackling child poverty in South Africa: Implications of ubuntu for the system of social grants

In the South African context both liberal and – in the form of the southern African idea of ubuntu – more communitarian and relational discourses of citizenship can be seen. The policy framework to tackle child policy, however, is dominated by the framework of liberal citizenship, most clearly through the Bill of and the various social grants. Using analyses from an original microsimulation model developed by one of the authors the paper shows however how a neglect of children’s relationships and inter-connectedness with their adult parents/carers in the current liberal citizenship inspired policy approach limits the effectiveness of this child poverty strategy. The empirical analyses demonstrate how a greater recognition in policy of the relational principles of ubuntu through more fully addressing the needs of children’s parents/carers via the creation of a comprehensive social security grant for working age adults is needed to effectively reduce child poverty as well as working age poverty

Addiction in the Light of African Values: Undermining Vitality and Community

In this article I address the question of what makes addiction morally problematic, and seek to answer it by drawing on values salient in the sub-Saharan African philosophical tradition. Specifically, I appeal to life-force and communal relationship, each of which African philosophers have at times advanced as a foundational value, and spell out how addiction, or at least salient instances of it, could be viewed as unethical for flouting them. I do not seek to defend either vitality or community as the best explanation of when and why addiction is immoral, instead arguing that each of these characteristically African values grounds an independent and plausible account of that. I conclude that both vitalism and communalism merit consideration as rivals to accounts that Western ethicists would typically make, according to which addiction is immoral insofar as it degrades rationality or autonomy, as per Kantianism, or causes pain or dissatisfaction, à la utilitarianism

A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO COMPARING MIXED REALITY GAMING ENGINES WITHIN THE DOD

Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), the primary stakeholder of this report, identified a need to visualize the operating environment prior to mission execution. Historically, JSOC performed visualization by two-dimensional (2D) means that lacked real-time capabilities such as imagery or sand tables. Technological advances now enable visualization of the operating environment by three-dimensional (3D) means and in real-time environments by using mixed reality (MR). An essential component of an MR system is a gaming engine, which serves as essential software in creating the MR environment. Currently, dozens of proprietary and open-source gaming engines are available for use by system designers. This research applies the systems engineering "V" model, using mixed methods to explore the different comparison criteria of gaming engines. The research team developed a structured approach to assessing different MR gaming engine alternatives. Using Multiobjective Decision Analysis and Additive Value Modeling as a basis, the research team produced a credible, repeatable, traceable selection tool to compare alternatives. The team also discovered that the gaming engine is a critical component of the MR system, but it should not be the sole basis for MR system comparison. Other considerations for selecting an MR system are system developers, the hardware and software security considerations, and interoperability within the DOD system architecture.Joint Special Operations CommandMajor, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyMajor, United States ArmyMajor, United States ArmyApproved for public release. distribution is unlimite