Ultrahigh-speed multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy using scanning elliptical focal spot

We present a beam-scanning multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy system using parallel excitation and parallel detection schemes based on an elliptical focal spot, which enables highly efficient signal acquisition even for short exposures. The elliptical focal spot was used to simultaneously observe the CARS signals of an enlarged region and reduce the peak irradiance. The developed system realized an acquisition rate of 34 139 spectra/s and enabled ultrahigh-speed acquisition of a vibrational spectroscopic image, covering the fingerprint region of 930–1830 cm-¹ with 256(x) × 256(y) × 512(spectrum) pixels in 1.92 s or with 128(x) × 128(y) × 256(spectrum) pixels in 0.54 s. We demonstrated ultrahigh-speed hyperspectral imaging of a mixture of polymer beads in liquid linoleic acid and living adipocytes using the developed system. All of the present demonstrations were performed with a low-peak irradiance excitation of ∼19 GW/cm², which has been reported in previous studies to cause less photodamage to living cells. The label-free and ultrahigh-speed identification and visualization of various molecules made possible by the present system will accelerate the development of practical live-cell investigation

Association between FGF23, α-Klotho, and Cardiac Abnormalities among Patients with Various Chronic Kidney Disease Stages.

Several experimental studies have demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) may induce myocardial hypertrophy via pathways independent of α-Klotho, its co-factor in the induction of phosphaturia. On the other hand, few studies have clearly demonstrated the relationship between FGF23 level and left ventricular hypertrophy among subjects without chronic kidney disease (CKD; i.e., CKD stage G1 or G2).To investigate the data from 903 patients admitted to the cardiology department with various degrees of renal function, including 234 patients with CKD stage G1/G2.Serum levels of full-length FGF23 and α-Klotho were determined by enzyme immunoassay. After adjustment for sex, age, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the highest FGF23 tertile was significantly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy among patients with CKD stage G1/G2 and those with CKD stage G3a/G3b/G4 as compared with the lowest FGF23 tertile, and the association retained significance after further adjustment for serum levels of corrected calcium, inorganic phosphate, and C-reactive protein, as well as diuretic use, history of hypertension, and systolic blood pressure. FGF23 was also associated with low left ventricular ejection fraction among patients with CKD stage G1/G2 and those with CKD stage G3a/G3b/G4 after adjusting for age, sex, eGFR, corrected calcium, and inorganic phosphate. On the other hand, compared with the highest α-Klotho tertile, the lowest α-Klotho tertile was associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction only among patients with CKD stage G3b and stage G3a, respectively.An association between FGF23 and cardiac hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction was observed among patients without CKD as well as those with CKD after multivariate adjustment. However, the association between α-Klotho and cardiac hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction was significant only among patients with CKD G3b and G3a, respectively

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the prediction of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (low LVEF).

<p>A, B, C. ROC curve for the prediction of LVH. D, E, F. ROC curve for the prediction of low LVEF. Green lines show the ROC curve to predict LVH (A, B, C) and low LVEF (D, E, F) for the combination of age, sex, and eGFR, designated model 1. Red lines show the ROC curve to predict LVH (A, B, C) and low LVEF (D, E, F) for model 1 plus FGF23, designated model 2. For the prediction of LVH, the area under the ROC curve was significantly greater in model 2 than in model 1 for patients with CKD stage G1-G4 (A), G1/G2 (B), and G3-G4 (C). For the prediction of low LVEF, the area under the ROC curve was significantly greater in model 2 than in model 1 for patients with CKD stage G1-G4 (D); however, it did not differ significantly between the two models for patients with CKD stage G1/G2 (E) or G3-G4 (F).</p

Demographic characteristics of the study patients.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the study patients.</p

Prevalence of each FGF23 or α-Klotho tertile by CKD stage.

<p>A. Percentage of patients in each FGF23 tertile according to CKD stage (P<0.001 by χ² test). B. Percentage of patients in each α-Klotho tertile according to CKD stage (P<0.001 by <i>χ</i>² test).</p

Logistic regression analysis for the association between α-Klotho and left ventricular mass or left ventricular ejection fraction.

<p>Logistic regression analysis for the association between α-Klotho and left ventricular mass or left ventricular ejection fraction.</p

Logistic regression analysis for the association between FGF23 and left ventricular mass or left ventricular ejection fraction.

<p>Logistic regression analysis for the association between FGF23 and left ventricular mass or left ventricular ejection fraction.</p

Laboratory and echocardiographic data of the study patients.

<p>Laboratory and echocardiographic data of the study patients.</p