Ciri-ciri Panggilan Katak Borneo (Genus: Hylarana) daripada Populasi Sarawak, Malaysia

Recordings of Bornean frog calls from the genus Hylarana were conducted at seven study sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. As many as 12 individuals from five species of Bornean frogs were successfully recorded and analysed. From 38 calling parameters, only 27 could explain call characteristics of the Bornean frogs. The size of male frogs influenced the energy of calling significantly between 90:50% of the peak amplitude, frequency of note between 50%, duration of calling to reach half of the frequency modulation, and the rate of repeated note. The size of Bornean frog showed a marginally significant difference in the basic frequency and dominant calls. Additionally, distribution of calling parameters and Euclid dendogram support taxonomic identifications of each of the Bornean frog species studied

Production systems of village chickens

A survey was carried out to study the production systems of village chicken with respect to identification of physical characteristics of breed, management and housing systems in several selected villages in Negeri Sembilan and Selangor. A total of 39 farmers were selected in this survey. The results indicated that the flock size were very small (23.1±5.6 to 52.0±23.1 birds), mainly reared under free range system and mixed farming were practiced especially with ducks. Two types of housing system were practiced by the farmers namely dirt floor and raised floor systems. The house design that were extensively seen were one with lean to roof type with wooden wall and slatted floor. Feeders and waterers were not widely used. The chicken were also provided with feed supplements such as wheat and paddy. Performances in term of growth and laying characteristic were low and there is no typical breed physical characteristics

Mating calls description of five species of frogs from the genus Hylarana Tschudi 1838 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia

Recordings of frog calls from the genus Hylarana were conducted at seven study sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. The results showed that each species differs in terms of call characteristics, in which a high number of pulsed note belongs to H. baramica, while high repetition note belongs to the sibling species, H. glandulosa. Higher pitched and number of amplitude spectrum, however, belong to H. signata. Pulsed note and note repetition differed significantly among species, except for spectrum amplitude. Advertisement calls for each species were described in detail. This study provide a baseline data on advertisement call characteristics of frogs from the genus Hylarana for future studies of these frogs particularly and the Oriental frogs generally

Genetic structure of Hylarana erythraea ( Amphibia : Anura : Ranidae) from Malaysia.

We studied the genetic structure and evolutionary relationships among populations of Hylarana erythraea in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Borneo Heights of Padawan, Sadong Jaya, and Bario) and central Peninsular Malaysia (Tasik Chini of Pahang) using the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene of mitochondrial (mt)DNA. Two distinct geographical clades were observed, i) the 1st clade, haplogroup 2 included 7 divergent haplotypes in Bario, whereas ii) the 2nd clade (haplogroup 1) contained 16 haplotypes of the remaining populations. Gene flow estimators indicated high numbers of migrants per generation and panmictic populations of this species, except for a low number of migrants per generation and genetic isolation of the Bario population. The species was estimated to have undergone population expansion either for the whole population or for each population as shown by small and nonsignificant values of the sum of the standard deviation of the observed and expected mismatch distributions and Harpending raggedness index. However, multimodal distributions were seen in the scatterplot of mismatch distributions for the entire populations of Sadong and Bario. Geographical subdivision might explain the anomalies in the mismatch distribution for these populations. Furthermore, a large negative value and significant test of Fu’ Fs in the Bario population suggested recent expansion and are indicative of dispersal from ancient Sunda Shelf populations (Pahang, Sadong, and Borneo Heights) to East Sarawak (Bario). The results suggested that populations of H. erythraea were subdivided where populations in central Peninsular Malaysia and western Borneo were more closely related than those in western Borneo were to those of eastern Borneo. The study implied that a feature in the landscape of Borneo (the Lupar line) created a greater barrier than repeated intervening ocean between glacial periods. Our study also supports the notion that a widely distributed frog species includes different evolutionary lineages that are possibly cryptic specie

Ancient polymorphism within hylarana signata (amphibia: anura: Ranidae) lineages of west (peninsular) and east (Sarawak, Borneo) Malaysia

The Hylarana signata group in Malaysia, as currently construed, comprises two species- Hylarana signata and H. picturata. Both are similar in morphology and habits, but differ in colouration (chiefly, the presence or absence of a dorsolateral line). It has been suggested recently that Malaysian H. signata (from both Peninsular and Borneo) is different from H. signata of Philippines and may be non-conspecific, also from what is currently referred to this taxon on Malaysian Borneo. Specimens of the Hylarana signata group were sequenced to detect genetic variation among species and to confirm the existence of cryptic species, via 16S rRNA gene. Seven study sites in Sarawak were chosen for data collection, namely four National Parks (Matang/Matang, Bako, Mulu and Similajau), and three unprotected areas (Borneo Heights, Sadong Jaya and Bario). Data from Tasik Chini, Pahang, West (Peninsular) Malaysia were included in our molecular analysis, to infer relationships within the species group. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of partial 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA was used to infer the phylogeny presented. The study revealed phylogenetic complexity within Malaysia Hylarana signata group due to the occurrence of cryptic species or ancient polymorphism of the lineages. The results obtained underscore the need for a complete sequence of DNA regions or multigenes of the same rate of evolution in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship in the group through more extensive samplings spanning wider geographical ranges

Mating calls description of five species of frogs from the genus Hylarana Tschudi 1838 ( Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia.

Recordings of frog calls from the genus Hylarana were conducted at seven study sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. The results showed that each species differs in terms of call characteristics, in which a high number of pulsed note belongs to H. baramica, while high repetition note belongs to the sibling species, H. glandulosa. Higher pitched and number of amplitude spectrum, however, belong to H. signata. Pulsed note and note repetition differed significantly among species, except for spectrum amplitude. Advertisement calls for each species were described in detail. This study provide a baseline data on advertisement call characteristics of frogs from the genus Hylarana for future studies of these frogs particularly and the Oriental frogs generally

Microhabitat partitioning of closely related Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) frog species previously assigned to the genus Hylarana (Amphibia: Anura)

Microhabitats play an important role as resources that are partitioned between phylogenetically related or ecologically similar species (i.e., a guild). This hypothesis was tested by first elucidating phylogenetically closed Sarawak frog species via DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA gene, and later determining their microhabitat guild and partitioning via nonmetric dimensional scale. Mitochondrial 16S gene revealed 5 monophyletic groups consisting of Hylarana erythraea + Amnirana icobariensis, Chalcorana raniceps, Abavorana luctuosa, Pulchrana signata + P. picturata, and P. baramica + P. glandulosa + P. laterimaculata. On the other hand, microhabitat utilization grouped the frogs into 5 ecological guilds consisting of semiarboreal species at the forest edge (C. raniceps), ground dwellers in an unforested region (H. erythraea), ground dwellers (rock) at the forest edge (P. picturata), ground dwellers on the forest floor and forest edge species (P. signata, P. glandulosa, A. luctuosa, O. hosii), and semiarboreal forest (riverine) species (P. baramica). Thus, the microhabitats used were not influenced by the proposed phylogenetic relationships. Partitioning of microhabitat utilization, on the other hand, was clearly seen in 2 closely related species in both vertical and substrate utilization. The study supports resource partitioning by closely related species reflected by their ecological guilds, and will be useful for conservation management of the Bornean fauna

Ciri-ciri panggilan katak Borneo (Genus:Hylarana)dari populasi Sarawak,Malaysia Timur

Recordings of Bornean frog calls from the genus Hylarana were conducted at seven study sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. As many as 12 individuals from five species of Bornean frogs were successfully recorded and analysed. From 38 calling parameters, only 27 could explain call characteristics of the Bornean frogs. The size of male frogs influenced the energy of calling significantly between 90:50% of the peak amplitude, frequency of note between 50%, duration of calling to reach half of the frequency modulation, and the rate of repeated note. The size of Bornean frog showed a marginally significant difference in the basic frequency and dominant calls. Additionally, distribution of calling parameters and Euclid dendogram support taxonomic identifications of each of the Bornean frog species studied

Characteristics of Bornean Frog (Genus: Hylarana) Calls from the Sarawak Population, Malaysia

Recordings of Bornean frog calls from the genus Hylarana were conducted at seven study sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. As many as 12 individuals from five species of Bornean frogs were successfully recorded and analysed. From 38 calling parameters, only 27 could explain call characteristics of the Bornean frogs. The size of male frogs influenced the energy of calling significantly between 90:50% of the peak amplitude, frequency of note between 50%, duration of calling to reach half of the frequency modulation, and the rate of repeated note. The size of Bornean frog showed a marginally significant difference in the basic frequency and dominant calls. Additionally, distribution of calling parameters and Euclid dendogram support taxonomie identifications of each of the Bornean frog species studied

Phylogenetic relationships of the vulnerable wild cattle, Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki), and its hybrid, the selembu, based on maternal markers

The gaur (Bos gaurus) is one of the two extant wild cattle species that can be found in several Asian countries. This species is threatened by extinction due to declining wild populations. Selembu is the name of the Malayan gaur × domestic cattle hybrid. We planned this study to determine the position of the Malayan gaur and its hybrid, the selembu, in the phylogenetics of the genus Bos (Bos gaurus, Bos javanicus, Bos indicus, and Bos taurus). The itochondrial 12S rRNA gene and the control region (D-loop) were sequenced in 29 Bos samples. Sequences from one water buffalo (Bubalus) were used as an outgroup. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony in PAUP 4.0b10 and Bayesian inference in MrBayes 3.1. All tree topologies indicated that the Malayan gaur belongs to its own monophyletic clade that is distinct from other species of the genus Bos. Selembu samples were grouped in zebu and/or taurine cattle clades. The results also indicated that there are significant embranchment differences in the tree topologies between wild (Malayan gaur and banteng/Bali cattle) and domestic (taurine cattle, zebu cattle, and selembu) cattle. The results showed the complete maternal inheritance situation among the studied samples of all cattle species