A Troubled Agreement for Troubled Waters: How an Amended Boundry Waters Treaty Can Solve the Great Lakes Agreement\u27s Fatal Flaws

Great Lakes water fuels $4.2 trillion of gross-domestic product (“GDP”), making the Great Lakes Region the largest bi-national regional economy in the world. But what are the United States and Canada doing to protect the world’s largest readily available freshwater resource? The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement’s failures show that Canada and the United State must amend the outdated Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. This amended treaty would provide a uniform approach to regulating the Great Lakes so the states and provinces on both sides of the border must play by the same rules regarding water withdrawals and diversions. Additionally, the amended treaty can provide uniform regulations regarding the growing bottled-water industry. Through specific examples, this Note will examine how the Great Lakes Agreement and the implementing legislation it spawned in both countries led to competition instead of cooperation regarding the resource. Next, the note will discuss how the Chicago River diversion and the Waukesha, Wisconsin, diversion request puts the United States and Canada on unequal footing regarding the consumption of Great Lakes water. Finally, this Note will discuss how the bottled-water industry might not be a threat to the Great Lakes yet, but the current regulations could allow the states and provinces to lose control of the resource under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) and the North America Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”). This Note uses Garrett Hardin’s 1968 essay “The Tragedy of the Commons” to show that the United States and Canada share a commons in the Great Lakes. And like Hardin’s herdsmen tried to increase their number of cattle on the open pasture to maximize their personal returns from the resource, each state and province will attempt to increase their access to the Great Lakes to maximize that state’s or province’s economic benefits. Like the herdsmen’s unfettered freedom exhausted their open pasture, the bordering states and provinces could do the same with too much freedom to tap the Great Lakes. With the world already watching the decimation of freshwater resources such as Asia’s Aral Sea, Africa’s Lake Chad, and the United States’ Lake Mead, the Great Lakes could be next. One World Bank Study predicts that the global demand for freshwater will exceed supply by 40% as soon as 2030, and other scientists predict the Great Lakes could be bone dry in eighty years if freshwater extraction continues at the current global rate. With freshwater already becoming more valuable than oil, this Note provides a framework to ensure the Great Lakes, and the powerful regional economy it sustains, will be protected

Design of hybrid components joining zone through sensitivity analysis

Multi-material structures are a trending topic for the industry. With a high application potential, such as lightweight or extended life cycle, different manufacturing technologies are further developed for this intent. One of these technologies is Tailored Forming, a process-chain capable of joining different metals and creating massive hybrid components. In parallel to this development, new challenges rise for design, which has the responsibility of finding an optimal use of this technology and produce higher-performance products. However, this task cannot be solved by conventional engineering approach, since strong manufacturing constraints are involved and a lack of understanding about the joining zone formed between the materials still exists. To fill this gap, the objective of this study is to analyse the influence of the joining zone design over the structure behaviour and establish a suitable design method. For that, a computer-aided environment was constructed and a parametric sensitivity analysis was executed, taking a hybrid shaft as example. At the end, the simulation's results allowed a multi-objective optimisation and were able to generate first design guidelines. © 2019 Design Society. All rights reserved

Asociación de riesgo cardiovascular y artritis reumatoide en pacientes del Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray - Trujillo

Objetivo: Determinar si el riesgo cardiovascular es un factor asociado a artritis reumatoide (AR), en pacientes atendidos en el servicio de consultorio externo de reumatología del Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray-Trujillo Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico. La población fue constituida por 247 pacientes que se atendieron en consultorio de reumatología entre enero del 2019 a junio del 2019, los cuales se agruparon según la presencia o ausencia de AR: se obtuvo 49 pacientes con AR y 198 sin AR. Se determinó el riesgo cardiovascular en ambos grupos mediante la clasificación SCORE/EULAR, se comparó el riesgo cardiovascular y comorbilidades relacionadas (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo dos, dislipidemia, obesidad) en ambos grupos, e investigamos la asociación entre estas variables y la AR por analices de estudios bivariados y multivariados de regresión logística. Resultados: el análisis bivariado se observó asociación entre riesgo cardiovascular y AR (p<0,05), a su vez solo se encontró asociación entre diabetes mellitus tipo dos y AR (p<0,05), hipertensión arterial y AR (p<0,05). En el análisis multivariado con OR (95% intervalo de confianza) se encontró asociación para riesgo cardiovascular alto, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo dos con artritis reumatoide con 5.23(2.690 -12,64) p<0,05, 3,631 (1,029 - 12,811), 2,866 p<0.05(0,262- 5,863) p<0,05 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Se encontró asociación entre los pacientes con artritis reumatoide y riesgo cardiovascular alto calculado con el índice SCORE/EULAR. Además, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus tipo dos son factores asociados a AR.Objective: To determine if cardiovascular risk is a factor associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in patients treated in the external rheumatology office of the Víctor Lazarte Echegaray-Trujillo Hospital. Material and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. The population consisted of 247 patients who were treated in the rheumatology office between January 2019 and June 2019, which were grouped according to the presence or absence of RA: 49 patients with RA and 198 without RA were obtained. Cardiovascular risk in both groups was determined using the SCORE / EULAR classification, cardiovascular risk and related comorbidities (arterial hypertension, type two diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity) in both groups were compared, and we investigated the association between these variables and RA. by analyzes of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression studies. Results: the bivariate analysis showed an association between cardiovascular risk and RA (p <0.05), in turn only an association was found between type two diabetes mellitus and RA (p <0.05), arterial hypertension and RA (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis with OR (95% confidence interval) an association was found for high cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure and type two diabetes mellitus with rheumatoid arthritis with 5.23 (2,690 -12.64) p <0.05, 3,631 (1,029 - 12,811), 2,866 p <0.05 (0.2625.863) p <0.05 respectively.Conclusions: An association was found among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and high cardiovascular risk calculated with the SCORE / EULAR index. In addition, arterial hypertension and type two diabetes mellitus are factors associated with RA.Tesi