Графический дизайн как визуальный язык межкультурного взаимодействия

This article describes how visual graphics language as a sign system can be in contact with the audience, overcoming the language barrier. In terms of graphic design it can be available to transfer information, and even affect the viewer, causing artistic and emotional reflection.Эта статья о том, как визуальный язык графики в виде знаковой символики может входить в контакт со зрителем, преодолевая языковый барьер. На языке графического дизайна можно доступно передать информацию и даже воздействовать на зрителя, вызывая при этом художественно-эмоциональные образы

Organization of <i>SAV576</i> and its adjacent genes on the chromosome of <i>S. avermitilis</i> (A) and schematic representation of the strategy used for deletion of <i>SAV575</i> and <i>SAV576</i> genes (B).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Gene notations are based on the Genome Project of <i>S. avermitilis</i> (<a href="http://avermitilis.ls.kitasato-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank">http://avermitilis.ls.kitasato-u.ac.jp/</a>). The two transcriptional units are indicated by black bars. (<b>B</b>) Long black arrows indicate genes and their directions. Short arrows indicate the positions of primers used for cloning exchange regions and confirming gene deletions. White blocks represent in-frame deletions in the corresponding genes.</p

Avermectin production and growth of wild-type ATCC31267 and <i>SAV576</i> mutant strains.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Comparison of avermectin production in various <i>S. avermitilis</i> strains grown in FM-I medium for 10 days. WT, wild-type strain ATCC31267; WT/pKC1139, ATCC31267 carrying control plasmid pKC1139; D576, <i>SAV576</i> deletion mutant; D576/pSET152-576, complementation strain of D576; WT/pKC1139-576, <i>SAV576</i> overexpression strain. (<b>B</b>) Western blotting analysis of SAV576 and AveR protein in cells grown in FM-I for 6 days. Approximately 100 µg total protein of each sample was subjected to Western blot and Coomassie Blue staining for the loading control. AveR-D19, <i>aveR</i> mutant. (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>) Effect of <i>SAV576</i> deletion on avermectin production (<b>C</b>) and growth (<b>D</b>) of <i>S. avermitilis</i> grown in FM-II. Solid squares, ATCC31267; Solid circles, D576; Solid triangles, complementation strain of D576.</p

Determination of the binding sites of the SAV576 protein.

<p>(<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>) DNase I footprinting assay of SAV576 on the <i>SAV575</i> (<b>A</b>) and <i>SAV576</i> (<b>B</b>) promoter regions, respectively. The fluorograms correspond to the control DNA (10 µM BSA) and to the protection reactions with increasing concentrations of His₆-SAV576 protein, respectively. (<b>C</b>) Nucleotide sequence of the <i>SAV575</i>-<i>SAV576</i> promoter region and SAV576-binding sites. The numbers indicate the distance (nt) from the transcriptional start point of <i>SAV576</i>. Solid lines, SAV576-binding sites; arrows, inverted repeats; bent arrows, transcriptional start points and transcription orientation; boxed areas, putative −10 and −35 regions; shaded areas, translational start codon. (<b>D</b>) Three 15-bp palindromic sequences “a”, “b”, and “c”. The mismatched nucleotides in comparison with sequence b are indicated by asterisks. (<b>E</b>) Mutations introduced into the 15-bp palindromic sequences. Each of the probes used was 43-bp. Probes 1a, 2, and 6 contained sequences a, b, and c, respectively. <i>Hin</i>dIII and <i>Eco</i>RI sites were generated at sequences a, b, and c to produce mutated probes 1m, 2m, and 6m, respectively. The nucleotides changed are indicated by underlining. (<b>F</b>) EMSAs using the mutated DNA probes. The free probes are indicated by solid arrows, and the retarded DNA fragments are indicated by parentheses.</p

Transcriptional analysis of <i>SAV576</i> and related genes.

<p>(<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of transcription levels of <i>SAV576</i> in ATCC31267 grown on solid medium YMS (<b>A</b>) and in liquid medium FM-II (<b>B</b>) for various durations. The 214-bp <i>SAV576</i> transcript was amplified from the internal coding region of <i>SAV576</i> with primers GJ83 and GJ84. <i>hrdB</i> was used as a positive internal control. (<b>C</b>) Real-time RT-PCR analysis of <i>aveR</i>, <i>aveA1</i>, <i>SAV574</i>, <i>SAV575</i> and <i>SAV576</i> transcription levels from ATCC31267 (WT) and D576 grown in FM-II on days 2 and 6. Relative values were obtained using <i>hrdB</i> as a reference. <i>SAV576′</i>, 142-bp transcript amplified from the <i>SAV576</i> promoter region and the remainder ORF of D576 with primers GJ46* and GJ55*.</p

Comparison of avermectin production in <i>SAV575</i> mutant strains.

<p>The fermentation products were analyzed by HPLC following cultivation in FM-I for 10 days. WT/pKC1139-575, ATCC31267 containing <i>SAV575</i> overexpression vector; D575, <i>SAV575</i> mutant; D576, <i>SAV576</i> mutant; D576/pKC1139-575, D576 containing <i>SAV575</i> overexpression vector; D575-576, <i>SAV575-SAV576</i> double mutant.</p

Analysis of SAV576 protein binding to target promoter regions.

<p>(<b>A</b>) ChIP assays <i>in </i><i>vivo</i>. Anti-SAV576 antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate SAV576-DNA complexes from ATCC31267 and D576 cells treated with formaldehyde. The DNAs used for PCR were total DNA prior to immunoprecipitation (positive control: lanes “+”), immunoprecipitated DNA (experimental sample: lanes “S”), and negative control DNA without antibody (lanes “−”). The <i>hrdB</i> promoter region was used as a control. (<b>B</b>) Schematic representation of the relative positions of probes used for EMSAs <i>in </i><i>vitro</i>. Probe 1, 98-bp DNA fragment from +2 to −96 relative to the translational start codon of <i>SAV575</i>; probe 2, 43-bp fragment from −98 to −140; probe 3, 276-bp fragment from −118 to −393; probe 4, 257-bp fragment from −306 to −562; probe 5, 333-bp DNA fragment from −533 to −865; probe 6, 43-bp DNA fragment from −866 to −908. Probe 7, 200-bp DNA fragment from −116 to −315 relative to the start codon of <i>aveR</i>. Probe 8, 328-bp DNA fragment from −14 to −341 relative to the start codon of <i>aveA1</i>. Probes 7 and 8 cover the putative transcriptional start points of <i>aveR</i> and <i>aveA1</i>, respectively. (<b>C</b>) EMSAs of the interaction of the probes with purified His₆-SAV576 protein. Each lane contained 0.3 nM labeled probe. The labeled probe and an approximately 100-fold excess of the unlabeled probe were used in competitive assays. BSA was used as a negative control for SAV576 protein. Labeled non-specific DNA was used to eliminate non-specific binding of SAV576 protein. The free probes are indicated by solid arrows, and the retarded DNA fragments are indicated by parentheses.</p

Identification of Anaerobic Aniline-Degrading Bacteria at a Contaminated Industrial Site

Anaerobic aniline biodegradation was investigated under different electron-accepting conditions using contaminated canal and groundwater aquifer sediments from an industrial site. Aniline loss was observed in nitrate- and sulfate-amended microcosms and in microcosms established to promote methanogenic conditions. Lag times of 37 days (sulfate amended) to more than 100 days (methanogenic) were observed prior to activity. Time-series DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify bacteria that incorporated ¹³C-labeled aniline in the microcosms established to promote methanogenic conditions. In microcosms from heavily contaminated aquifer sediments, a phylotype with 92.7% sequence similarity to <i>Ignavibacterium album</i> was identified as a dominant aniline degrader as indicated by incorporation of ¹³C-aniline into its DNA. In microcosms from contaminated canal sediments, a bacterial phylotype within the family <i>Anaerolineaceae</i>, but without a match to any known genus, demonstrated the assimilation of ¹³C-aniline. <i>Acidovorax</i> spp. were also identified as putative aniline degraders in both of these two treatments, indicating that these species were present and active in both the canal and aquifer sediments. There were multiple bacterial phylotypes associated with anaerobic degradation of aniline at this complex industrial site, which suggests that anaerobic transformation of aniline is an important process at the site. Furthermore, the aniline degrading phylotypes identified in the current study are not related to any known aniline-degrading bacteria. The identification of novel putative aniline degraders expands current knowledge regarding the potential fate of aniline under anaerobic conditions