Roles of Retinoic Acid and Cyp26 Inhibitors in Ovarian Follicle Development

The ovaries are the female reproductive organs that are located on either side of the uterus. They contain eggs and secrete hormones that are critical for female reproduction. Each follicle consists of an egg at the center, surrounded by multiple layers of somatic cells. These eggs undergo various stages of development wherein the follicular structure matures as a whole; the hormones and growth factors secreted by the somatic cells are essential for the maturation of the egg while the signaling molecules produced by the egg are crucial for somatic cell proliferation and follicle maturation and development. Thus, mammalian ovarian follicle formation and development involves the establishment of the initial follicle pool, follicle growth, proper maturation of eggs, and timely production and release of hormones and the mature eggs. This process is essential for propagation of the species as well as for development and homeostasis of the female reproductive system[1]. Abnormalities in the regulation and development of ovarian follicles such as inadequate maturation of the follicle due to inadequate cell-cell interactions and signaling between the somatic cells and the egg can lead to infertility and ovarian diseases, for instance Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer. These diseases lead to a loss of fertility due to the formation of immature or unhealthy follicles and/or oocyte development. Both intraovarian and extraovarian factors play a role in regulating the development of follicles. However, factors involved in follicular growth and survival are not well defined. Recently, studies have suggested that the potent morphogen retinoic acid (RA) plays a role in the development of a healthy ovary[1, 2]. However, the underlying mechanism is not understood. Germ cells in the fetal ovary undergo sex-specific entry into meiosis, the initiation of which is thought to be mediated by selective exposure of fetal ovarian germ cells to retinoic acid[2]. Nevertheless, the timing and regulation of meiosis vary amongst the sexes. It was determined that high levels of RA were necessary for initiation of meiosis in the ovary and the testes; however, while RA is required for germ cell development in the embryonic ovary, it is required during the juvenile and adult stages of testicular functioning[3, 4]. Cyp26b1, a member of the Cyp450 family of enzymes degrades retinoic acid in the ovary and the testes thereby limiting gonadal development [1, 3, 5]. However, information about the role of RA and Cyp26b1 in the gonads is limited. It is therefore necessary to further elucidate the roles of both RA and Cyp26b1 in ovarian and follicle development. The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of Cyp26b1 and RA in mouse ovarian follicle development. This will be done by performing in vitro follicle culture and ovary culture with treatments including retinoic acid, the Cyp26 inhibitor R115866 and the RA metabolism inhibitor Liarozole and monitoring their effects on follicular and ovary growth. We expect the findings from this study to contribute significantly to infertility treatments and disease prevention, as being able to successfully grow follicles invitro could help the large population of women whose difficulty with conceiving is due to an immature and underdeveloped follicle pool

Feature Based Opinion Mining on Movie Review

Rapid flow in internet users along with increasing power of online review sites and social media has given Existence to Sentiment analysis or Opinion minning,which aims to determine what other people feel,think And Exprss.Sentiment or Opinions contain user generated comment about products,services,policies andPolitics.Opinion may be in the form of ‘positive’ or ‘negative’.Users can give various opinion about feature of the product or services.Therefore product feature or aspects have got significant role in sentimental Analysis.This review paper analyse existing techniques and approaches for feature extraction in opinion Minning and sentimental analysis.In this paper we proposed the technique to extract the feature from the Movie review dataset. There is a burst of movie domain opinion rich resources in the form of review siteslike IMDB,yahoo movies etc.In this paper we proposed the method to provide the review summarization based on the feature of the movie commented by the user

A study on management of type 2 diabetic patients with complications

Background: Diabetes is a major public health problem both in developing and non-developing countries across the world. It is a chronic disease, which in long term causes several complications resulting in poly pharmacy for its management. Hence, this study was determined to analyze the drug utilization pattern for the management of type 2 diabetes with complications.Methods: A prospective, observational and non-interventional study was carried out in 100 diabetic patients with one or other complications admitted in medicine wards at Dhiraj Hospital. Patients who signed informed consent form were only included in the study. All the data were recorded from patients’ case files and analyzed.Results: Result of total 100 patients, maximum number 52 (52%) were falling in group of 61-70 kg and only 2 (2%) in 81-90 kg. Out of 100 diabetic patients, 40 (40%) were managed with insulin in addition to oral antidiabetic agents, 37 (37%) were managed with only Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA) and 23 (23%) were managed with only insulin. The most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic group of drug was Biguanides in 60 (60%) and most prescribed insulin was short acting Insulin in 40 (40%) patients.Conclusions: The diabetic patients are more prone to cardiovascular and other complications leading to a co morbid condition. The poly pharmacy is likely to occur in diabetic patients suffering with secondary complications. Therefore, intense blood sugar control with proper education can prevent the co morbid state and finally helps in reducing the economic burden

A study on management of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in tertiary care teaching rural hospital

Background: This study was aimed to analyze the drug utilization pattern in the management of hypertension in diabetic patients.Methods: A prospective, observational and non interventional study was conducted in 100 diabetic hypertensive patients admitted in medicine wards at Dhiraj Hospital. Patients who signed informed consent form were only included in the study. All the data were recorded from patients’ case files and analyzed.Results: Of enrolled 100 patients, 69 (69%) were male and 31 (31%) were female and maximum number of the patients (42%) were found in the age group of 51-60 years. Out of 100 admitted patients, 75% patients were treated with single antihypertensive agent, 20% were treated with combination of two antihypertensive agents while only 5% were administered more than two antihypertensive agents. As a single antihypertensive agent, most commonly prescribed was ACE inhibitors (32%), Calcium Channel Blockers (23%), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (12%) and β1 blockers (8%).Conclusions: There was poor awareness among the patients regarding control of hypertension, regular follow up, medication adherence etc. However, two third of diabetic patients had achieved blood pressure target control and ACE inhibitor remained first choice of drug for hypertension in diabetes in this study

Correlation between neuroimaging (CT scan) and neurological presentation in antepartum and postpartum eclampsia

Background: Eclampsia is a pregnancy related condition with high mortality and morbidity along with perinatal mortality and morbidity. The following study is designed to correlate the neurological presentation with neuroimaging (CT scan brain) in antepartum and postpartum eclampsia patients, which will guide in proper management of the patients.Methods: A prospective study conducted over a period of one year. 100 patients were included in all. The neurological presentation and neuroimaging findings were correlated in all antepartum and postpartum eclampsia patients who met the study criteria. The comparison was done using chi-square test and unpaired student ‘t’ test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated to find the accuracy of neurological presentation in determining the diagnosis and kappa agreement.Results: Out of the 100 patients studied, 52 had significant CT scan findings. Of these 52, 35 women had neurological signs and symptoms, and 17 cases did not have neurological signs and symptoms (p=0.003). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were found to be 67.31%, 62.5%, 66.04% and 63.83% respectively and the diagnostic accuracy was found to be 65%.Conclusions: Evaluation of neurological signs and symptoms in women with eclampsia is an important assessment which helps for the further management. Neuroimaging has limited role in uncomplicated cases. Neuroimaging is indicated in atypical presentation, fatal cases and those resistant to standard anti-eclamptic therapy, where the signs and symptoms fail to predict the likelihood diagnosis

Text Mining at Feature Level: A Review

Text Mining is the technique that helps users to find out useful information from a large amount of text documents on the web or database. Most popular text mining and classification methods have adopted term-based approaches. The term based approaches and the pattern-based method describing user preferences. This review paper analyse how the text mining work on the three level i.e sentence level, document level and feature level. In this paper we review the related work which is previously done. This paper also demonstrated that what are the problems arise while doing text mining done at the feature level. This paper presents the technique to text mining for the compound sentences

Temporal discrimination: Mechanisms and relevance to adult-onset dystonia

Temporal discrimination is the ability to determine that two sequential sensory stimuli are separated in time. For any individual, the temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the minimum interval at which paired sequential stimuli are perceived as being asynchronous; this can be assessed, with high test-retest and inter-rater reliability, using a simple psychophysical test. Temporal discrimination is disordered in a number of basal ganglia diseases including adult-onset dystonia, of which the two most common phenotypes are cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. The causes of adult-onset focal dystonia are unknown; genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are relevant. Abnormal TDTs in adult-onset dystonia are associated with structural and neurophysiological changes considered to reflect defective inhibitory interneuronal processing within a network which includes the superior colliculus, basal ganglia, and primary somatosensory cortex. It is hypothesized that abnormal temporal discrimination is a mediational endophenotype and, when present in unaffected relatives of patients with adult-onset dystonia, indicates non-manifesting gene carriage. Using the mediational endophenotype concept, etiological factors in adult-onset dystonia may be examined including (i) the role of environmental exposures in disease penetrance and expression; (ii) sexual dimorphism in sex ratios at age of onset; (iii) the pathogenesis of non-motor symptoms of adult-onset dystonia; and (iv) subcortical mechanisms in disease pathogenesis

Fiber optics based surface plasmon resonance for label-free optical sensing

With the advancement in the laser technology and availability of low cost optical fibers, there is an increasing trend towards adoption of optical fibers as sensing element for development of optical sensors probes especially point-of-care sensing for environmental, biomedical and clinical application. Refractive index measurement through surface plasmon resonance has evolved to be, one of the most sensitive transducer for label-free sensing with high sensitivity. Surface plasmon resonance is a surface sensitive optoelectronic phenomenon, where light incident on a plasmonic metal surface at a given angle can excite a surface-bound electromagnetic wave, a surface plasmon. Associated with the surface plasmon is an evanescent field that probes local changes in the refractive index of the ambient medium that are used for monitoring analyte- supramolecular/ bio-molecular ligand interactions. Present review outlines a concise view on theoretical aspects of fiber optics based surface plasmon resonance phenomenon and comprehensive updated review on research and development for progression in the design of fiber optics based SPR sensors

Gestational age assessment of neonates using foot and hand length measurements: a cross sectional tertiary care centre study

Background: Gestational age of neonates computed based on Naegele’s formula, ultrasound, or using modified New Ballard score (NBS) is limited in the community setup due to illiteracy, accessibility and expertise. Hence there should be alternative technique which can be done even by inexperienced health care staff and in rural communities. Objective of current study was to find out the correlation of foot and hand length with gestational age among neonates.Methods: A cross sectional study including 200 neonates and their foot length, hand length, birth weight was recorded. Gestational age assessment was done using modified NBS. Correlation among various study parameters was done using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results: Of the 200 neonates studied, the mean foot length was 7.1±0.46 cm with a range of 4-8.5 cm. The mean hand length was 6.0±0.71 cm with a range of 3.8-7.4 cm. The mean foot and hand length of term neonates was higher than preterm neonates. The mean foot and hand length of normal weight neonates was higher than Low birth weight neonates.Conclusions: Foot and hand length is a simple, quick and reliable measurement which can be used as a proxy measurement to gestational age assessment. It can be easily measured by traditional birth attendants in the community