Multifunctional vegetated wall for thermal insulation and gray water treatment of buildings

People are beginning to understand sustainable natural solutions in the last several decades to reduce floods and temperature in metropolitan areas, which have been rising owing to many factors like urbanisation and climate change.The population of cities has been growing as a result of fast urbanisation, which has also caused an increase in buildings and other man-made structures, which has contributed to an increase in urban heat. Recently, multifunctional walls and roofs have gained popularity as a means of combating urban heat and flood mitigation. Grey water is regarded as one type of wastewater and is the waste water produced by showers, kitchen sinks, and washing machines in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. Untreated wastewater discharge into the ecosystem has many negative repercussions, and grey water treatment is on the rise. The creation, analysis, and optimization of a model are the main topics of this study in order to enhance the functioning of a multifunctional vegetated wall.Incomin

Wind-tunnel model of study of downwash from stacks at Maui Electric Company Power Plant, Kahului, Hawaii

CER72-73JEC-SKN28.Prepared under contract to Stearns-Roger Incorporated.Includes bibliographical (pages 16-17).March 1973.Tests were conducted in the meteorological wind-tunnel using 1:200 scale model to determine the distribution of gas concentration resulting from gaseous plumes released from four stacks associated with Maui Electric Company Power-Plant at Kahului Hawaii. The tests were conducted over a model power-plant including all significant structures in the vicinity. Data obtained included photographs and color motion pictures of smoke-plume trajectories and plots of contaminant concentration down wind of the power-plant at ground-level sampling positions. The effects of wind direction and stack height on ground-level concentrations are established. Evaluation of test results revealed that an increase of stack height from 30.48 m to 60.96 m will reduce the maximum groundlevel concentrations by a factor of three to five depending upon the wind direction. Location of stacks upwind of the power-plant structures was found to show distinct improvement of plume characteristics

FORMULATION ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF OLANZEPINELOADED MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate olanzapine (OLE) mucoadhesive microsphere prepared using carbopol and sodium combination. OLE having extensive hepatic first pass metabolism and low bioavailability problem, determined the need for the development of sustained release formulation.Methods: OLE mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation method. OLE mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation method by using calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. The OLE mucoadhesive microsphere was characterized by particle size measurement, process yield, morphology of microsphere, drug entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesion test, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) study and in-vitro drug release.Results: The OLE mucoadhesive microsphere having mean particle size ranged from 546.0 µm to 554.3 µm, and the entrapment efficiencies ranged from 73% to 96%. All the olanzapine (OLE) microsphere batches showed good in-vitro mucoadhesive property ranging from 75.89% to 96.47% and in the in-vitro wash off test ranging from 68.12% to 81.3%. FTIR studies indicated the no drug-polymer interactions in the ideal formulation F9. Therewere no compatibility issues, and the crystallinity of OLE was found to be reduced shoeing less intense peak in prepared mucoadhesive microspheres, which were confirmed by differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction studies. Among different formulations, the OLE microspheres of batch F9 had shown the optimum percent drug entrapment of microspheres. Release pattern of OLE from F9 microspheres batch followed Higuchi kinetic model. Stability studies were carried out for F9 formulation at 4°C/ambient, 25±2°C/60±5%, 40±2°C/75±5% relative humidity revealed that the drug entrapment, mucoadhesive behavior, and drug release were within permissible limits.Conclusion: The results obtained in this work demonstrate the use of carbopol and sodium alginate polymer for preparation of mucoadhesive microsphere.Keywords: Ionic gelation method, Gastroretentive delivery, Mucoadhesive microsphere, Carbopol

Periodicity of combined heat transfer from horizontal cylinders

CER72-73SKN-VAS23.March 1973.Includes bibliographical references (pages 46-48).Prepared under Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-68-A-0493-0001, Project No. NR 062-414/6-6-68(Code 438), U. S. Department of Defense.Circulating copy deaccessioned 2020.Based on experimental and flow visualization studies, a model for directly opposed free and forced convection flow around a heated cylinder (0.01 mm diameter) was developed. Three modes of flow were identified. For velocities less than 15 cm/sec (cylinder Reynolds number, Redw=0.08) a free convection or a buoyant force dominated flow was observed. The interacting free convection plume and the ambient flow form a stagnation region well upstream of the heated cylinder. Heat was convected from the cylinder through the plume to the stagnation region. In the stagnation region random vortex pockets of heated mass were formed. For velocities greater than 15 cm/sec but less than 21.4 cm/sec the magnitudes of the forced and free convection flows were nearly equal. A periodic oscillation of the stagnation region was observed. The flow regime where the periodic oscillations occur was found to be defined by a specific relation between the Grashof and Reynolds numbers. The periodic oscillations, which were in the range from 3 to 15 cycles per minute, were correlated in terms of Strauhal number and Reynolds number. For velocities greater than 21.4 cm/sec the forced convection was found to dominate over the free convection. The stagnation region was fixed for each flow velocity at one position above the cylinder. A potential like flow (laminar sheet) was formed shrouding the thermal layer of the cylinder. The mean heat transfer from the cylinder decreases with increasing Reynolds number for both the case of dominant free convection and the case of equal free and forced convection. The mean heat transfer abruptly and rapidly increases with increasing Reynolds number in the forced convection dominated region. For all these cases the thermal layer surrounding the hot cylinder was approximately 600 times larger than the diameter of the cylinder

IMMEDIATE RELEASE SOLID DISPERSION TABLET OF AZILSARTAN: FORMULATION STRATEGY TO ENHANCE ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY

Objective: Objective of the present study was to develop an immediate release solid dispersion tablet to enhance oral bioavailability of Azilsartan. Methods: Solid dispersion of azilsartan was developed using Soluplus® as a novel solubility enhancer by the solvent evaporation technique. 32factorial design was used in a fully randomized order to study effect of amount of azilsartan and Soluplus on solubility (µg/ml) and % drug dissolved in 30 min. Prepared solid dispersion was evaluated for different micromeritic properties, saturation solubility, and wettability. Then solid dispersion of all the batches compressed into an immediate-release tablet using sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant. Developed tablet formulations were evaluated for various post-compression parameters and satisfactory formulation among these were further studied for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Colorimeter (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), in vivo absorption and stability study. Results: Results of micromeritic properties of solid dispersion showed that good flowability, compressibility, wettability, and saturation solubility. Post compression parameters of immediate-release tablets were found to be in acceptable limits. Batch ASD2 containing 40 mg Diacerein and 80 mg of Soluplus showed maximum drug release i.e. 99.82 % within 30 min. Compatibility study using FTIR, DSC, and XRD showed that drug is compatible with Soluplus. In vivo absorption study showed that, 2.67 fold increase in Area Under Curve (AUC) as compared to plain Azilsartan. Relative bioavailability was found to be 267.11 %. Results of stability study indicate that developed formulations were stable at accelerated temperature and humidity conditions. Conclusion: Study concluded that solid dispersion using Soluplus as a solubility enhancer is a suitable formulation strategy to enhance solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug-like Azilsartan

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF DIACEREIN FOR ENHANCED DISSOLUTION RATE

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) of diacerein (DCN) for enhancement of dissolution rate. Methods: Three batches of liquid SMEDDS were prepared using oleic acid, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 200 as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. Microemulsion region was recognized by constructing a pseudoternary phase diagram containing a different proportion of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. Prepared liquid SMEDDS was evaluated for thermodynamic stability study, dispersibility tests, globule size, zeta potential, and viscosity. Liquid SMEDDS was then converted to S-SMEDDS by adsorption technique using Neusilin US2 as a solid carrier. Prepared S-SMEDDS was evaluated for different micromeritic properties, drug content, reconstitution properties, in vitro dissolution study, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results showed that all batches of liquid SMEDDS were found to be thermodynamically stable. Reconstitution properties of S-SMEDDS showed spontaneous microemulsification with globule size 0.271 μm and −16.18 mV zeta potential. From the results of in vitro dissolution study, it was found that the release of DCN was significantly increased as compared with plain DCN. Conclusion: The study concluded that dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug like DCN can be increased by developing S-SMEDDS formulation

Validation of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature concentration and their relationship with the parameters—diffuse attenuation coefficient and photosynthetically active radiation using MODIS data: A case study of Gujarat coastal region

1370-1376In-situ data of chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a) and sea surface temperature (SST) of the Gujarat region for the period, 2002-2009 were obtained from Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. Out of nearly 100 sampling points, 22 and 67 points qualified for comparison with the satellite measurements of Chl-a and SST, respectively. Chl-a concentrations were estimated from the MODIS satellite data (4 km resolution) with the existing global ocean color algorithms, namely, OC2V4, OC4V4, and OC3M. The SST was calculated with the help of bands 31 and 32 using MODIS-Aqua sensor long wave SST algorithm and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) assimilation SST retrieval model (split window method). The satellite images were processed using global Sea WiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) software v.7.3.1. Chl-a retrieved from OC3M algorithm had high coefficient of determination (R2=0.74) and less root mean square error (RMSE=1.24) as compared to OC2V4 and OC4V4 (R2=0.541 & 0.542 and RMSE=1.94 and 1.84, respectively) with in-situ data. The SST retrieved from MODIS-Aqua sensor long wave SST algorithm had a high coefficient of correlation as compared to ECMWF assimilation model (0.798 & 0.32 respectively) with in-situ data and RMSE were 0.80 and 2.65, respectively. SST and Chl-a showed an inverse correlation, with a coefficient of correlation (R) =0.530. Daily retrieval of Chl-a and SST value had very high degree of correlation with remote sensed eight days composite and monthly composite value (0.958 & 0.876, respectively). Retrieval of the value of diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm wavelength (Kd or Kd_490), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vertical attenuation coefficient of PAR (Kd(PAR)) were done and found that Kd and Kd(PAR) had very high degree of positive correlation (R=0.994). In addition, it was found that PAR had a positive correlation with SST(R=0.512) and negative correlation with Chl-a (R=-0.446). The range of this parameter values supports the case-I water and fish assemblage area

A comparison of different fuzzy inference systems for prediction of catch per unit effort (CPUE) of fish

60-69Present work was aimed to design Mamdani- Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), Sugeno -FIS and Sugeno-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model for the prediction of CPUE of fish. The system was implemented using MATLAB fuzzy toolbox. A prediction of CPUE was made using the models trained. The accuracy of fuzzy inference system models was compared using mean square error (MSE) and average error percentage. Comparative study of all the three systems provided that the results of Sugeno-ANFIS model (MSE =0.05 & Average error percentage=11.02%) are better than the two other Fuzzy Inference Systems. This ANFIS was tested with independent 28 dataset points. The results obtained were closer to training data (MSE=0.08 and Average error percentage=13.45%)

Morphometric and meristic variation of congeneric sciaenid fishes Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974 and Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801) from Maharashtra, west coast of India

80-86Two closely related species Otolithes cuvieri, Trewavas, 1974 and Otolithes ruber, (Schneider, 1801) have been differentiated based on morphometric and meristic traits. A simple yet useful criterion based on a pair of canine teeth present on the upper and lower jaw as well as position of the mouth is currently used to differentiate two congeneric sciaenid fish species the O. cuvieri and O. ruber. Findings of the present study indicated that simply two morphometric and meristic characters are sufficient to differentiate these two species. MANOVA (Multivariate analysis of variance) and stepwise discriminant function were used to decide the morphometric traits, significant for differentiation of the species of family Sciaenidae. Discriminant function analysis revealed that 98 % of the species were correctly classified based on five morphometric characters namely Pre-pectoral fin length (PPFL), Pre-anal fin length (PAL), Post orbital head length (POHL), Post anal fin length (POAL) and Body depth (BD). The m-transformed morphometric traits were found to be useful tools in generating canonical variables in differentiating the species. The first canonical variables showed altogether 98 % variance. The scatter plots by first three canonical variables have well differentiated the species. Two meristic characters such as the number of gillrakers present on lower limb of first gill arch and figure of arborescent appendages on the swim bladder are important in differentiation of these species