Computing Multiplicative Order and Primitive Root in Finite Cyclic Group

Multiplicative order of an element $a$ of group $G$ is the least positive integer $n$ such that $a^n=e$, where $e$ is the identity element of $G$. If the order of an element is equal to $|G|$, it is called generator or primitive root. This paper describes the algorithms for computing multiplicative order and primitive root in $\mathbb{Z}^*_{p}$, we also present a logarithmic improvement over classical algorithms.Comment: 8 page

GCD Computation of n Integers

Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) computation is one of the most important operation of algorithmic number theory. In this paper we present the algorithms for GCD computation of $n$ integers. We extend the Euclid's algorithm and binary GCD algorithm to compute the GCD of more than two integers.Comment: RAECS 201

CONTINUOUS INCREASE IN POPULATION OF INDIAN SARUS CRANE GRUS ANTIGONE ANTIGONE IN AND AROUND ALWARA LAKE OF DISTRICT KAUSHAMBI (U.P.)

The Indian sarus crane Grus antigone antigone is the world's graceful and tallest flying bird. It is a nonmigratory and only resident breeding crane of Indian sub continent. It has been declared as 'State Bird' by Government of Uttar Pradesh. Pairing of the bird for life long and legendry marital devotion of the species has earned its global popularity. Ecological and environmental condition of this lake is quite supportive for the survival of this vulnerable species. The present study deals with the distribution and conservation of this vulnerable species in and around the Alwara lake of district Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 335 cranes were actually observed in 2012, 425 in 2013, 510 in 2014 and 537 in 2015, although more cranes were claimed to exist in this area by the local people. This communication is clearly depicting continuous increasing trend in population of Indian sarus crane during their exploration from 2012-2015 in the area studied, although its population is decreasing at global level

Computer Assisted Cartography in Nautical Charting — An Appraisal

Computer Assisted Cartography (CAC) is the application of modern computer technology in the fields of data capturing, processing and production. CAC has played a prominent role in i) acquisition of data through Automatic Data Logging Systems (ADLS), ii) creation of Data Bases of map/chart files using manual/automatic digitizers, Hi) editing of data by Interactive Graphic Terminals (GRT), iv) precise plotting and projection of data using sophisticated plotters, v) scribing of lineal details/symbols, vi) photoflashing and photo plotting of alphanumeric details/symbols on film , vii) preparation of colour separation/ribbon originals. Thus CAC has taken over almost all roles of the time consuming conventional/manual cartography of hand print, stick up of phototyped alphanumeric details/symbols, hand scribe and manual colour separation. CAC has radically reduced the time span of chart making and provides fast, accurate and uniform results. A computer assisted, cartographic plotting system consisting of an on-line system for data base generation and an off-line precision plotting system for preparation of fair drawing originals was installed in the Naval Hydrographic Office (NHO), Dehra Dun in 1981. The paper outlines the process of chart production by CAC and discusses the functions of different units of the system such as the digitizer, verification plotter, graphic terminal, precision plotter, etc. The authors have made an appraisal of the functioning of CÀC in nautical charting in NHO during the past 5 years and have explained various problems/setbacks that were encountered by cartographic programmers and draughtsmen in running the auto chart system and how these were overcome by continued Research and Development (R&D) efforts. The paper reveals that initially compilations were not computer compatible, which resulted in positional errors/shift in plots, misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Standards for preparing computer compatible compilations have now been laid down. The ‘cartographic rigidity’ based on technical principles initially provoked resistance from certain cartographers and draughtsmen in accepting the CAC product. However, CAC products are now being accepted with minor reservations as these are drawn in a clear, sharper, uniform, accurate and faster manner. The authors are of the opinion that nautical cartographers and draughtsmen who have the knowledge of charting practices and navigational requirements are better suited for working on the system than those persons without this specialized knowledge. The paper outlines the R&D efforts and discusses various modifications made in original software and how certain new software was developed for projection, lattices, etc. The CAC in NHO is being maintained in-house by qualified electronic engineers. However, due to non availability of certain spares indigeneously the system at times becomes non-operational. The authors have pointed out the limitation of new technology and have outlined the compromises that have been made. There are still certain unsolved problems in text depiction, positioning of finely curved details, overlapping of details at sharp turns, plotting breakers, rotation of specific symbols, etc. However, it is felt that despite certain reservations CAC will continue to function as a useful tool for data storage, chart revision and production. It will also play a significant role in development of the new technique of the ‘electronic chart’

Technological competencies of professionals and challenges in using and implementing koha in Indian libraries

The study analyses the awareness about koha among LIS professionals and assesses the challenges in implementing and using koha. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 167 LIS professionals. The study concludes that library must appoint or hire a professional having sound technical skills in order to minimize the error handling and dependency on others for addressing koha related issues. LIS professionals have to upgrade their knowledge by attending training programs, workshops, and spend more time on practicing the technical part of koha

Population genetic structure of Culex quinquefasciatus in India by ISSR marker

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the genetic structure of various populations of Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) from India representing different geoclimatic locations.MethodsInter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used. A set of 20 primers were screened with the laboratory populations of mosquito species. Finally the IS 40 primer was chosen based on the scorable banding pattern showing 100 percent polymorphism among the various populations. The statistical analysis was done using POPGENE 1.31 software. The consensus tree was generated based on UPGMA modified from NEIGHBOR procedure of PHYLIP Version 3.5.ResultsThe cluster analysis shows the main cluster which is divided into two sub cluster representing all the populations separated as per their phylogeographic and geoclimatic condition.ConclusionsThe findings will be helpful in understanding the population variation under different ecological conditions and development of effective vector management strategies

‘MATRI-SUMAN’ a capacity building and text messaging intervention to enhance maternal and child health service utilization among pregnant women from rural Nepal: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background Capacity development of health volunteers and text messaging to pregnant women through mobile phones have shown improved maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes and is associated with increased utilisation of MCH services. However, such interventions are uncommon in Nepal. We aim to carry out an intervention with the hypothesis that capacity building and text messaging intervention will increase the MCH service utilisation. Method/design MATRI-SUMAN is a 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). The trial involves pregnant women from 52 clusters of six village development committees (VDCs) covering 66,000 populations of Dhanusha district of Nepal. In the intervention clusters, Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) will receive capacity development skills through reinforcement training, supervision and monitoring skills for the promotion of health seeking behaviour among pregnant women and study participants will receive periodic promotional text messaging service about MCH components through mobile phones. A sample of 354with equal numbers in each study arm is estimated using power calculation formula. The primary outcomes of this study are the rate of utilization of skilled birth attendants and consumption of a specified diversified meal. The secondary outcomes are: four antenatal (ANC) visits, weight gain of women during pregnancy, delivery of a baby at the health facility, postnatal care (PNC) visits, positive changes in child feeding practices among mothers, performance of FCHVs in MCH service utilization. Discussion The intervention is designed to enhance the capacity of health volunteers for the promotion of health seeking behaviour among pregnant women and text messaging through a mobile phone to expecting mothers to increase MCH service utilization. The trial if proven effective will have policy implications in poor resource settings. Trial registration ISRCTN60684155, (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN60684155). The trial was registered retrospectively

FBIS: A regional DNA barcode archival & analysis system for Indian fishes

DNA barcode is a new tool for taxon recognition and classification of biological organisms based on sequence of a fragment of mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). In view of the growing importance of the fish DNA barcoding for species identification, molecular taxonomy and fish diversity conservation, we developed a Fish Barcode Information System (FBIS) for Indian fishes, which will serve as a regional DNA barcode archival and analysis system. The database presently contains 2334 sequence records of COI gene for 472 aquatic species belonging to 39 orders and 136 families, collected from available published data sources. Additionally, it contains information on phenotype, distribution and IUCN Red List status of fishes. The web version of FBIS was designed using MySQL, Perl and PHP under Linux operating platform to (a) store and manage the acquisition (b) analyze and explore DNA barcode records (c) identify species and estimate genetic divergence. FBIS has also been integrated with appropriate tools for retrieving and viewing information about the database statistics and taxonomy. It is expected that FBIS would be useful as a potent information system in fish molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and genomics

Fish Karyome: A karyological information network database of Indian Fishes

‘Fish Karyome’, a database on karyological information of Indian fishes have been developed that serves as central source for karyotype data about Indian fishes compiled from the published literature. Fish Karyome has been intended to serve as a liaison tool for the researchers and contains karyological information about 171 out of 2438 finfish species reported in India and is publically available via World Wide Web. The database provides information on chromosome number, morphology, sex chromosomes, karyotype formula and cytogenetic markers etc. Additionally, it also provides the phenotypic information that includes species name, its classification, and locality of sample collection, common name, local name, sex, geographical distribution, and IUCN Red list status. Besides, fish and karyotype images, references for 171 finfish species have been included in the database. Fish Karyome has been developed using SQL Server 2008, a relational database management system, Microsoft's ASP.NET-2008 and Macromedia's FLASH Technology under Windows 7 operating environment. The system also enables users to input new information and images into the database, search and view the information and images of interest using various search options. Fish Karyome has wide range of applications in species characterization and identification, sex determination, chromosomal mapping, karyo-evolution and systematics of fishes