Customer Satisfaction

Profession nail is one of the booming company of nail care in the world. The growing number of nail conscious people and their interest in variety of nail services take into account the development and significance of this company. The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship between customer satisfaction and quality of service at Profession Nail salon. Also determine the importance of customer satisfaction as Profession Nail. If customer satisfied with the service offered by the business, then definitely will be a regular customer. This research includes detailed questionnaire survey of 45 customers of Profession Nail salon at Chart well. This finding demonstrates that clients put maximum importance in some issues at the salon for example, time to acknowledge, hygiene of nail salon, quality of service, working staffs, appointment starting time etc. Most of the customers of Profession Nail salon are extremely satisfied with the friendly environment, politeness of staffs, the way of handling customers’ complaints, honesty, and best materials. The wellbeing and cleanliness issues are also satisfactory to the customers. But some customers are still unsatisfied with the services. So, the Profession Nail salon should try to give better quality service to satisfy those customers. This study aimed to discuss how the advertising and the uses of social media impact sales in Sue-E. In this study, a questionnaire with 18 questions was made by researcher, and it was used for further research. The target population was mainly focused in Sue-E furniture store where located in Hamilton city central, and there were 74 people have been participated in this survey. All data resulting from participators would only be used for this research and saved properly. Therefore, based on the results and the finding of this study, the variables of uses of social media had high impact on furniture sales in Sue-E, and the variables of advertising had a positive effect on furniture sales

A Fusion of Remotely Sensed Data to Map the Impervious Surfaces of Growing Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Urban population is expected to exceed 70% of the world’s total by the middle of the 21st century. Thus, growth in number as well as the sizes of the cities are certain in the near future. The urbanization rates will be much higher in the developing countries than the developed. Such phenomena are accompanied by conversion of land cover from its natural use to built up environment to accommodation growing population. Built up surfaces include road networks, buildings, parking lots and pathways. They are permanently impervious and hydrologically active surfaces. Large volume and discharges of runoff characterize impervious surfaces with frequently occurring flash floods in cities. Besides, proliferating impervious surface is responsible for increasing surface temperature due to Urban Heat Island effect and are the major Nonpoint Source pollutants in the receiving water bodies. At the face of climate change, the consequence of urbanization and increasing impervious surface is exacerbating. Therefore, for sustainable development, spatial and temporal expansion information of impervious surfaces is essential to the planners. Thus, the overall objective of this thesis is to map the impervious surfaces and estimate the expansion rates in the growing cities of Punjab, Pakistan in the last four years. In this thesis, combined and individual datasets from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites were used to extract the amounts of impervious surfaces at city scale and to estimate the expansion rates of various cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The study period for the change analysis is from 2015-2021 based on the availability of satellite imagery. The satellite imageries were obtained from the Copernicus Services Data Hub. Information on different land covers in the form of reflectance, backscattering signal, and texture from a wide range of electromagnetic spectrum of light derived from Sentinels were used to map impervious surfaces. The following land covers were defined: barren soil, vegetation, water, and built-up surface. Four classification models were created from Random Forest algorithms and trained with land covers samples from Google Earth high resolution imagery. The 10 cities considered in this study were among the 50 cities extensively studied by the Urban Unit Pakistan covering the dynamics of Punjab in terms of urban extent, population distribution, area, and expansion. They make up the 21st largest cities in the province as well as represent spatial distribution from north to south. They include various climatic conditions ranging from arid in Multan to humid subtropical in Rawalpindi. They also represent different topographies of the cities such as plain and hilly. Validation samples for each land cover were also obtained from high resolution images to assess the classified land cover maps. Apart from validation of classified maps, quantitative comparison of resultant impervious surfaces was also conducted. For the purpose, the study used published datasets from Atlas of Urban Expansion and the Copernicus Land Service. If available, administrative boundaries of the cities were also used to define the urban extent. For other cities, coordinates were manually defined. The combined Sentinel datasets were able to improve the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the classified maps by up to 11% and 7% respectively. McNemar test revealed that the models trained with fused data performed better than the models trained with optical alone data for land cover classification. The cities were expanding at rates ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% annually. The highest rate was encountered in Rawalpindi-Islamabad which is also the capital city of Pakistan. At least for one of the study years (2015/6 or 2020/21) the area was being overestimated by the single optical data. For instance, the optical data overestimated the impervious area of Lahore by a factor of 1.12 times while that of Bahawalpur by a factor of 1.2 times. The incorrect original results attributed to misclassification of barren soil as built up. This conclusion emphasized that additional information on backscattering signal and texture derived from radar image aided to reduce the misclassified bare soil pixels into built up. Spectrum plots also showed that sigma db and variance bands from radar image added a distinct feature to the classifier to distinguish built-up surfaces from other non built-up surfaces. The built-up surface had the highest value in backscatter signals and variance texture bands. This study emphasized the usefulness of combining freely available remote sensing datasets for updating the city scale impervious surfaces cover information in developing countries. The contribution includes the assessment of suitability of combined Sentinel datasets to map the impervious surface at city scale. It also evaluates the rate of expansion of the cities. In conclusion, the combined radar and optical data can enhance the accuracy of classified maps for impervious cover mapping with benefits in complex topographies to update impervious surface information in developing countries. The results from this study could be used as inputs in hydrological and runoff models for urban studies. Other useful applications could be service allocation, drainage improvement, location determination for low impact development (LID) structures, stormwater utility fee determinations, flood control, and pollutants removal from runoff

Pregnant Women’s Mental Health Status and its Related Factors Amidst COVID-19: A Cross- Sectional Study

Introduction: Since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, it has challenged the psychological aspect of everyone. Pregnant women being the vulnerable group are most likely to be at increased risk. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of the pregnant women residing in Nepal during COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional online study was carried out among 368 pregnant women during lockdown using Perceived stress scale-10, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale and Edinburg Perinatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.06±4.64years. Getting infected with the virus (71.7%) was the major fear and inadequate antenatal checkup (61.1%) was the major effect experienced by the participants. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression was 41%, 28.5% and 33.2% respectively. Age, salary status of oneself and their husband, healthcare frontliner in the family and effect of social distancing were significantly associated with perceived stress. Age, education, employment, monthly income, trimester and effect of social distancing were significantly associated with anxiety. Salary status of husband, trimester, parity, being infected with COVID-19 and effect of social distancing were associated with depression. Conclusion: High prevalence of mental health disorders during COVID-19 outbreak suggests the importance of special attention on monitoring the maternal mental health status during such public health emergencies. Measures such as awareness program targeted to pregnant women and health education programs on how to cope during the pandemic situations should be made effective to rule down the mental health burden of COVID-19

The ‘Botanical Triad’: The Presence of Insectary Plants Enhances Natural Enemy Abundance on Trap Crop Plants in an Organic Cabbage Agro-Ecosystem

Habitat manipulation through the incorporation of non-crop plants such as trap crops (to lure pests away from the cash crop) and insectary plants (to provide resources for natural enemies) into agro-ecosystems is an ecological approach to pest management. In a field-scale study, we quantified the effects of integrating the use of trap crops with insectary plants as a novel method to control pest herbivores in an organic cabbage agro-ecosystem. We hypothesized that pests would be concentrated in the trap crop habitat and suppressed by insectary-subsidized natural enemies in situ. We documented arthropod abundance (both adults and immature stages) associated with (1) two insectary plant species (sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima, and buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum) either alone or in combination; (2) a trap crop mixture of mighty mustard (Brassica juncea), red Russian kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), and glossy collards (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and (3) cabbage cash crop (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Trap crops were more attractive to pests than the cash crop. On a per-plant basis, densities of the herbivores Evergestis rimosalis, Trichoplusia ni, and Plutella xylostella were 154, 37, and 161× greater on the kale trap crop than on the cabbage cash crop, and 54, 18, and 89× greater on the collards trap crop than on the cash crop. Insectary plants contributed to the consumption of pests that aggregated on the trap crop. Parasitism of E. rimosalis by the braconid wasp Cotesia orobenae was significantly increased, and the abundance of eggs and larvae of the predatory coccinellid beetle Coleomegilla maculata was greater on the trap crop in the presence of insectary plants compared to trap crops that lacked insectary plants. The ‘Botanical Triad’ of cash crop, trap crop, and insectary plants represents a new type of agro-ecosystem manipulation that integrates ecosystem service providers (e.g., predators and parasitoids) within the cropping system

Misoprostol for Termination of Second Trimester Pregnancy

Introductions: The termination of second trimester pregnancy is challenging due unfavorable cervix. This study evaluate the efficacy and maternal side effects of intravaginal misoprostol for termination of second trimester pregnancy.Methods: During one year period from 15th June 2011 to 14th June 2012,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Patan Hospital, women admitted for second trimester termination of pregnancy for fetal congenital anomalies and intrauterine fetal demise were studied using the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics recommended doses of vaginal misoprostol. For congenital anomalies, 400 mcg 3 hourly to a maximum of 5 doses were used. For fetal demise, gestational age of 13-17 weeks received 200 mcg every 6 hourly to a maximum of 4 doses, and 18-26 weeks dose was adjusted to 100 mcg. Main outcome measures included success rate of abortion within 48 hours, induction to delivery interval and maternal side effects.Results: There were 40 patients during study period. Success rate for termination of 2nd trimester pregnancy within 48 hours was 88.8% for congenital anomalies. For fetal demise, success of termination was 90.9% at 13-17 weeks and 100% at 18-26 weeks. Median time from induction to delivery was 26.8 hours for congenital anomalies. For fetal demise, it was 18 hours for 13-17 weeks was and 24 hours at 18 to 26 weeks respectively. Abdominal pain was seen in all doses of misoprostol.Conclusions: Vaginal misoprostol is an effective method for termination ofsecond trimester pregnancy.Keywords: misoprostol, pregnancy, second trimester terminatio

‘The broker also told me that I will not have problems after selling because we have two and we can survive on one kidney’: findings from an ethnographic study of a village with one kidney in Central Nepal

Kidney selling is a global phenomenon engraved by poverty and governance in low-income countries with the higher-income countries functioning as recipients and the lower-income countries as donors. Over the years, an increasing number of residents in a village near the capital city of Nepal have sold their kidneys. This study aims to explore the drivers of kidney selling and its consequences using ethnographic methods and multi-stakeholder consultations. An ethnographic approach was used in which the researcher lived and observed the residents’ life and carried out formal and informal interactions including in-depth interviews with key informants, community members and kidney sellers in Hokse village, Kavrepalanchok district. Participants in the village were interacted by researchers who resided in the village. In addition, remote interviews were conducted with multiple relevant stakeholders at various levels that included legal workers, government officers, non-government organization (NGO) workers, medical professionals, and policymaker. All formal interviews were audio-recorded for transcription in addition to field notes and underwent thematic analysis. The study identified processes, mechanisms, and drivers of kidney selling. Historically, diversion of a major highway from the village to another village was found to impact the livelihood, economy and access to the urban centres, ultimately increasing poverty and vulnerability for kidney selling. Existing and augmented deprivation of employment opportunities were shown to foster emigration of villagers to India, where they ultimately succumbed to brokers associated with kidney selling. Population in the village also maintained social cohesion through commune living, social conformity (that had a high impact on decision making), including behaviours that deepened their poverty. Behaviours such as alcoholism, trusting and following brokers based on the persuasion and decision of their peers, relatives, and neighbours who became the new member of the kidney brokerage also contributed to kidney selling. The other reasons that may have influenced high kidney selling were perceived to be a poor level of education, high demands of kidneys in the market and an easy source of cash through selling. In Hokse village, kidney selling stemmed from the interaction between the brokers and community members’ vulnerability (poverty and ignorance), mainly as the brokers raised false hopes of palliating the vulnerability. The decision-making of the villagers was influenced heavily by fellow kidney sellers, some of whom later joined the network of kidney brokers. Although sustained support in livelihood, development, and education are essential, an expanding network and influence of kidney brokers require urgent restrictive actions by the legal authority

A Outcome of breech delivery: caesarean section versus vaginal delivery at Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan

Introductions: Obstetricians have long debated the role of caesarean section as a potentially safer mode of delivery for the fetus with breech presentation. However, the experience of the health care provider remains a critical element in the decision to pursue a vaginal breech delivery, and it may still be a viable option. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of breech delivery at Patan Hospital and compare maternal and neonatal outcomes subjected to either vaginal or caesarean section. Methods: A five-year retrospective study of breech deliveries covering the year 2010 to 2014. Patient’s charts were retrieved from the medical record section and reviewed.Results: There were 896 breech deliveries out of a total 44,842 deliveries giving an incidence of 1.99%. One hundred thirteen (12.61%) of breech deliveries were through vaginal route while 431 (48.10%) and 352 (39.28%) were through emergency and elective caesarean sections respectively. There were 154(17.18% preterm intrauterine death. Among term pregnancy, there were 3-neonate deaths not associated with mode of delivery. There were 154(17.18%) preterm breech deliveries including 27(17.5%) preterm intrauterine death. Among term pregnancy, there were 3 neonatal deaths not associated with mode of delivery. None of the term infant had neurological morbidity comprising neonatal seizures, brachial plexus injury, chephalohematoma. Maternal blood loss was significantly higher is caesarean section group. Conclusions: In well-selected cases, the neonatal outcome following assisted vaginal breech delivery and caesarean section may not be different.Keywords: Breech delivery; Maternal and perinatal outcom

Relaparatomy after caesarean section

Introductions: Relaparotomy after caesarean section is rare and literature are scanty. The decision requires a good clinical judgment to save mother’s life. Our objective was to analyse the outcome of relaparotomy after caesarean section at Patan hospital.Methods: This was a cross sectional study done at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Patan Hospital, Nepal. Charts of caesarean section from January 2010 to December 2014 were reviewed to analyze the cases of relaparotomy for incidence, indication, management and outcome. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS.Results: During 5 years, there were 17,538 caesarean deliveries, 39.15% of total 44,788 deliveries. Relaparotomy was done in 15 cases, 0.085% of 17538 caesarean. Mean age was 26.6±4.7 years, 14 (93.3%) were between 25-35 years, 12 (80%) were primigravida. Indications of relaparotomy were pyoperitonium (40%), hemoperitoneum (33.3%) and rectus sheath hematoma (26.7%). Out of 15 relaparotomy, 14 were conservative surgery and one required hysterectomy. There was no maternal mortality. Conclusions: Relaparotomyin our study the rate was eight in 10,000. Those requiring relaparatomy had fetal distress as indication for first caesarean.Keywords: caesarean section, pyoperitoneum, relaparotom

Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction of Compounds from Piper longum L. Detected by GC-MS Analysis in Diabetes Management

Medicinal plants have been utilized traditionally for therapeutics against various diseases. This study focuses on identifying bioactive compounds present in the fruit of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of Piper longum L. through GC-MS analysis. The molecular level computational exploration of its phytocompounds against diabetes through molecular docking and ADMET prediction was carried out. The results of the GC-MS analysis unveiled the presence of 33 different phytochemicals and the Molecular docking revealed that 5,6-dihydroergosterol, β-sitosterol, and piperine demonstrated better binding affinities of -9.7 kcal/mol, -9.5 kcal/mol, and -7.9 kcal/mol, respectively with α-amylase (PDB ID: 2QV4) and -9.1 kcal/mol, -9.4 kcal/mol and -8.1 kcal/mol respectively with α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 5ZCC). Most of the docked compounds exhibited significant binding with the receptor protein greater than that of the reference drugs (miglitol, voglibose, and metformin). Moreover, the ADMET predictions suggested that the compounds were comparative with the reference drugs. These phytochemicals may be considered promising candidates for addressing diabetes by interfering with the normal functioning of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The study recommends additional in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the preliminary in silico results

Effect of Magnesium Sulphate with Bupivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in patients undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy

Background: Transversus abdominis plane block is a valuable component of multimodal analgesia regimen. Magnesium sulphate has been shown to increase the duration of action of different peripheral nerve blocks. We assessed the efficacy of magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block in patients scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia. Methods: Sixty-six patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia were divided into two groups. Ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block was performed in both groups before extubation. Bupivacaine alone group received block with 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine while Bupivacaine with Magnesium group received block with 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 150mg of magnesium sulphate on each side. Pain scores at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively along with time to first request of analgesia, total consumption of fentanyl, and incidence of nausea or vomiting were noted. Results: Group BM showed significantly lower pain scores at 4 and 6 hours (p=0.001 and 0.017 respectively). Time to first request of analgesia was significantly more in Group BM [285 minutes (85, 370) vs. 75 minutes (52.5, 150), (p<0.001)]. Total postoperative fentanyl consumption was significantly less in Group BM (230±59.06 mcg vs. 289.85±69.13 mcg, p<0.001). Conclusions: Bupivacaine with magnesium sulphate in transversus abdominis plane block after total abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia results in lower post-operative pain scores, longer duration of analgesia and less postoperative fentanyl requirement with no difference in the incidence of nausea/vomiting compared with bupivacaine alone