Roheliste alade arendamine Katmandus

Master's Thesis Curriculum in Landscape ArchitectureIn developing nations, the urban population is expanding quicker than the rural population due to more possibilities and a higher standard of living, which results in urbanisation. Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, has 1.57 million residents, with an annual growth rate of 3.29%. Such urbanisation pressure results in rapid changes in the urban landscape pattern of the region. Also, Kathmandu's current state of green spaces is challenging due to the increasing urbanisation and population expansion of the city. This thesis is about studying parks in Kathmandu and their current situation and uses. For this purpose, I looked at five different parks in Kathmandu. The selection was the result of online survey questions conducted with 45 residents of Kathmandu. Parks in Kathmandu have been examined based on online survey questions in the following cases: activities preferred, like in the park, problems facing, facilities, benefits and improvement needed. Also, each survey park has been assessed according to the location of the parks, history of the parks, types of greenery, facilities, accessibility, and safety. In the end, discussion and conclusion are provided, where results and literature review are discussed, compared, and concluded with the conclusion.Arengumaades laieneb linnaelanikkond tänu suurematele võimalustele ja kõrgemale elatustasemele kiiremini kui maarahvastik, mille tulemuseks on linnastumine. Nepali pealinnas Katmandus elab 1,57 miljonit elanikku, aastane kasvumäär on 3,29%. Selline linnastumise surve põhjustab kiireid muutusi piirkonna linnamaastikus. Ka Katmandu rohealade praegune olukord on linna kasvava linnastumise ja elanikkonna suurenemise tõttu keeruline. See lõputöö käsitleb Katmandu parkide ning nende hetkeolukorra ja kasutusvõimaluste uurimist. Selleks vaatasin Katmandus viit erinevat parki. Valik tehti veebiküsitluse küsimustega, mis viidi läbi 45 Katmandu elanikuga. Katmandu parke on veebiküsitluse küsimuste põhjal uuritud järgmistel juhtudel: eelistatud tegevused, nagu pargis, probleemid, rajatised, eelised ja parendusvajadus. Samuti on iga uuringuparki hinnatud parkide asukoha, parkide ajaloo, haljastuse liikide, rajatiste, ligipääsetavuse ja ohutuse alusel. Lõpus on arutelu ja järeldus, kus arutatakse tulemusi ja kirjanduse ülevaadet, võrreldakse neid ja lõpetatakse järeldusega

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

A Narrative Review of Personal Protective Equipment Uses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Disposable Practices

: Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is transmitted through close contact and droplets, people, especially those at risk of infection, must follow preventive measures in the community and healthcare settings. Healthcare personnel (HCP) must appropriately select and use personal protective equipment (PPE) with sensible donning and doffing and disposal practices. A narrative review of the existing literature was conducted, in which articles from Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were collected. The primary findings of the retained articles were reviewed according to official recommendations on PPE use. The World Health Organization (WHO), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and European Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) recommend standard precautions for contact transmission, respiratory transmission, and droplet precautions among HCPs caring for patients with COVID-19. Indeed, healthcare workers working in high-risk areas, as well as the public, when social distancing cannot be assured, must wear PPE such as face mask and protective eyewear to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to the increased use of PPE, the potentially infectious waste stream has been rapidly increasing, requiring safe and adequate solid waste management. The proper use of PPE and management of waste generated from COVID-19 care centers can reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. These measures should be implemented to counter the rapid spread and any long-term impacts of the current pandemic