Reaction pathway analysis for dislocation nucleation from a Ni surface step

Abstract Threshold strain required for a thermally activated dislocation nucleation from a Ni surface step has been measured using an atomistic-based reaction pathway analysis. We show that the saddle-point configuration and the stress-dependent activation energy are strongly influenced by the presence of a surface step. Our results provide insight into the previous experimental findings concerning the mechanism on a coherency loss at the Ni/Cu(001) interface. We conclude that the coherency strain caused by a lattice mismatch between Ni and Cu does not yield a sufficient driving force for the dislocation nucleation

iPSC-derived mesenchymal cells that support alveolar organoid development

肺胞オルガノイドをつくることができるヒトiPS細胞由来間葉細胞の作成. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-10-12.Mesenchymal cells are necessary for organ development. In the lung, distal tip fibroblasts contribute to alveolar and airway epithelial cell differentiation and homeostasis. Here, we report a method for generating human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mesenchymal cells (iMESs) that can induce human iPSC-derived alveolar and airway epithelial lineages in organoids via epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, without the use of allogenic fetal lung fibroblasts. Through a transcriptome comparison of dermal and lung fibroblasts with their corresponding reprogrammed iPSC-derived iMESs, we found that iMESs had features of lung mesenchyme with the potential to induce alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. Particularly, RSPO2 and RSPO3 expressed in iMESs directly contributed to AT2 cell induction during organoid formation. We demonstrated that the total iPSC-derived alveolar organoids were useful for characterizing responses to the influenza A (H1N1) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, demonstrating their utility for disease modeling

Low Electron Temperatures Observed at Mars by MAVEN on Dayside Crustal Magnetic Field Lines

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright 2019 American Geophysical Union.The ionospheric electron temperature is important for determining the neutral/photochemical escape rate from the Martian atmosphere via the dissociative recombination of O2+. The Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument onboard MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) measures electron temperatures in the ionosphere. The current paper studies electron temperatures in the dayside for two regions where (1) crustal magnetic fields are dominant and (2) draped magnetic fields are dominant. Overall, the electron temperature is lower in the crustal‐field regions, namely, the strong magnetic field region, which is due to a transport of cold electrons along magnetic field lines from the lower to upper atmosphere. The electron temperature is also greater for high solar extreme ultraviolet conditions, which is associated with the local extreme ultraviolet energy deposition. The current models underestimate the electron temperature above 250‐km altitude in the crustal‐field region. Electron heat conduction associated with a photoelectron transport in the crustal‐field regions is altered due to kinetic effects, such the magnetic mirror and/or ambipolar electric field because the electron mean free path exceeds the relevant length scale for electron temperature. The mirror force can affect the electron and heat transport between low altitudes, where the neutral density and related electron cooling rates are the greatest, and high altitudes, while the ambipolar electric field decelerates the electron's upward motion. These effects have not been included in current models of the electron energetics, and consideration of such effects on the electron temperature in the crustal‐field region should be considered for future numerical simulations

Hot oxygen escape from Mars: Simple scaling with solar EUV irradiance

The evolution of the atmosphere of Mars and the loss of volatiles over the lifetime of the solar system is a key topic in planetary science. An important loss process for atomic species, such as oxygen, is ionospheric photochemical escape. Dissociative recombination of O2+ ions (the major ion species) produces fast oxygen atoms, some of which can escape from the planet. Many theoretical hot O models have been constructed over the years, although a number of uncertainties are present in these models, particularly concerning the elastic cross sections of O atoms with CO2. Recently, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has been rapidly improving our understanding of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Mars and its interaction with the external environment (e.g., solar wind), allowing a new assessment of this important loss process. The purpose of the current paper is to take a simple analytical approach to the oxygen escape problem in order to (1) study the role that variations in solar radiation or solar wind fluxes could have on escape in a transparent fashion and (2) isolate the effects of uncertainties in oxygen cross sections on the derived oxygen escape rates. In agreement with several more elaborate numerical models, we find that the escape flux is directly proportional to the incident solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance and is inversely proportional to the backscatter elastic cross section. The amount of O lost due to ion transport in the topside ionosphere is found to be about 5–10% of the total

Model insights into energetic photoelectrons measured at Mars by MAVEN

Photoelectrons are important for heating, ionization, and airglow production in planetary atmospheres. Measured electron fluxes provide insight into the sources and sinks of energy in the Martian upper atmosphere. The Solar Wind Electron Analyzer instrument on board the MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft measured photoelectrons including Auger electrons with 500 eV energies. A two-stream electron transport code was used to interpret the observations, including Auger electrons associated with K shell ionization of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. It explains the processes that control the photoelectron spectrum, such as the solar irradiance at different wavelengths, external electron fluxes from the Martian magnetosheath or tail, and the structure of the upper atmosphere (e.g., the thermal electron density). Our understanding of the complex processes related to the conversion of solar irradiances to thermal energy in the Martian ionosphere will be advanced by model comparisons with measurements of suprathermal electrons by MAVEN

Lubiprostone Decreases the Small Bowel Transit Time by Capsule Endoscopy: An Exploratory, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 3-Way Crossover Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of lubiprostone for bowel preparation and as a propulsive agent in small bowel endoscopy. Six healthy male volunteers participated in this randomized, 3-way crossover study. The subjects received a 24 μg tablet of lubiprostone 60 minutes prior to the capsule ingestion for capsule endoscopy (CE) and a placebo tablet 30 minutes before the capsule ingestion (L-P regimen), a placebo tablet 60 minutes prior to CE and a 24 μg tablet of lubiprostone 30 minutes prior to CE (P-L regimen), or a placebo tablet 60 minutes prior to r CE and a placebo tablet again 30 minutes prior to CE (P-P regimen). The quality of the capsule endoscopic images and the amount of water in the small bowel were assessed on 5-point scale. The median SBTT was 178.5 (117–407) minutes in the P-P regimen, 122.5 (27–282) minutes in the L-P regimen, and 110.5 (11–331) minutes in the P-L regimen (P=0.042). This study showed that the use of lubiprostone significantly decreased the SBTT. We also confirmed that lubiprostone was effective for inducing water secretion into the small bowel during CE

看護実践力育成のための発展型データベース・シミュレーション教材「Web 聖隷タウン」の開発 : 第1報

報告Reports　本稿は、保健師助産師看護師学校養成所指定規則の一部改正（2022 年４月１日施行）に伴う、本学看護学部のカリキュラム改革推進の一環として、2021 年度より検討が開始された看護実践力育成のための発展型データベース・シミュレーション教材「Web 聖隷タウン」の開発に関する第一報である。本学シミュレーション教育委員会は、「Web 聖隷タウン」の実用に向けた開発として、（１）地域の中の看護視点を育てるためのプロットの開発、（２）Web 聖隷タウン制作の技術的課題解決に向けた実用可能な制作環境の試用および検討を行っている。本稿では、「Web 聖隷タウン」の開発経緯と開発推進のための資源確保について、本教材の持つ機能、これまでの活動経過および今後の課題について報告する

聖隷クリストファー大学看護基礎教育における2020年度シミュレーション教育の実践報告

紀要委員会企画Special Articles　本報告では、聖隷クリストファー大学看護基礎教育における2020 年度のシミュレーション教育委員会の活動報告および各領域における実践について、以下の内容をふまえ報告する。　①シミュレーション教育の実践環境の構築および学内研修、②コロナ禍における通信設備・運用のテクニカルサポート、③シミュレーション教育の実践（看護学部各領域におけるシミュレーション教育の実践内容）、④看護学部シミュレーション教育ホームページ、⑤本学看護学部のシミュレーション教育に関する国内外の学会発表の実績　今後もシミュレーション教育を推進するための本学の課題である、教育環境のさらなる充実、人員の確保、地域の拠点としてのシミュレーション教育の推進、活動のための運営資金の獲得を目指すべく、近隣施設との連携、研究推進とともに、教員の理解と同意を得ながらさらなる教育環境の整備や教育力の向上のため邁進していく

Decolorization and detoxication of plant-based proteins using hydrogen peroxide and catalase

Abstract The gap between the current supply of meat and its predicted future demand is widening, increasing the need to produce plant-based meat analogs. Despite ongoing technical developments, one of the unresolved challenges of plant-based meat analogs is to safely and effectively decolor plant proteins that originally exhibit yellow–brown or strong brown color. This study aimed to develop an effective and safe decoloring system for soy-based protein products using food-grade hydrogen peroxide and catalase. First, soy-based protein isolate (PI) and textured vegetable protein (TVP) were treated with hydrogen peroxide, and then the residual hydrogen peroxide was degraded using catalase. This process caused notable decolorization of PI and TVP, and residual hydrogen peroxide was not detected in these products. These findings indicate that this process could safely and effectively decolorize soy-based proteins. Interestingly, this decoloring process enhanced the solubility, water- and oil-holding capacities, foaming capacity, and emulsifying stability of decolored soy-based PI. Additionally, cooking loss and juiciness of decolored TVP-based foods were improved compared to those of non-treated foods. These findings indicate that the decoloring process also enhances the physical properties of soy-based protein products