Appendix D. The effect of endophyte infection on the ratio of herbivore to natural enemy individuals.

The effect of endophyte infection on the ratio of herbivore to natural enemy individuals

Appendix A. Arthropod taxa collected from Arizona fescue during the course of the study.

Arthropod taxa collected from Arizona fescue during the course of the study

Appendix C. The effect of soil moisture treatments on the number of predator and detritivore individuals.

The effect of soil moisture treatments on the number of predator and detritivore individuals

Appendix E. Significant rarefaction curves for differences in species richness of total arthropods, parasites, natural enemies (predators and parasites), omnivores, and detrivores on plants infected or uninfected with the Neotyphodium endophyte over the four sampling periods of the study.

Significant rarefaction curves for differences in species richness of total arthropods, parasites, natural enemies (predators and parasites), omnivores, and detrivores on plants infected or uninfected with the Neotyphodium endophyte over the four sampling periods of the study

Blackcaps fruit consumption

fruit consumption among blackcaps in 5 water treatments: 1. ad libitum MAMT fruits, but only for five hours each day + saline solution of 0.6 ml NaCl 0.9% subcutaneous injection. 2. simultaneous provisioning of fruits and water for 5 hours. 3. A group provided with drinking water for five hours, and after a one-hour break, provided with MAMT fruits for five hours 4 .A group provided with MAMT fruits for five hours, and after a one-hour break, provided with drinking water for five hours. 5. A water restricted group that was provided with MAMT fruits for five hours (n = 2)

Linking foraging decisions to residential yard bird composition.

Urban bird communities have higher densities but lower diversity compared with wildlands. However, recent studies show that residential urban yards with native plantings have higher native bird diversity compared with yards with exotic vegetation. Here we tested whether landscape designs also affect bird foraging behavior. We estimated foraging decisions by measuring the giving-up densities (GUD; amount of food resources remaining when the final forager quits foraging on an artificial food patch, i.e seed trays) in residential yards in Phoenix, AZ, USA. We assessed how two yard designs (mesic: lush, exotic vegetation; xeric: drought-tolerant and native vegetation) differed in foraging costs. Further, we developed a statistical model to calculate GUDs for every species visiting the seed tray. Birds foraging in mesic yards depleted seed trays to a lower level (i.e. had lower GUDs) compared to birds foraging in xeric yards. After accounting for bird densities, the lower GUDs in mesic yards appeared largely driven by invasive and synanthropic species. Furthermore, behavioral responses of individual species were affected by yard design. Species visiting trays in both yard designs had lower GUDs in mesic yards. Differences in resource abundance (i.e., alternative resources more abundant and of higher quality in xeric yards) contributed to our results, while predation costs associated with foraging did not. By enhancing the GUD, a common method for assessing the costs associated with foraging, our statistical model provided insights into how individual species and bird densities influenced the GUD. These differences we found in foraging behavior were indicative of differences in habitat quality, and thus our study lends additional support for native landscapes to help reverse the loss of urban bird diversity