Dielectric dispersion and electrical conductivity of amorphous PVP–SiO2 and PVP–Al2O3 polymeric nanodielectric films

The biodegradable hybrid polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films comprising silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles as inorganic nanofillers and the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as organic host matrix (i.e., PVP–x wt% SiO2 and PVP–x wt% Al2O3 for x = 0, 1, 3 and 5) have been prepared by aqueous solution-casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that these nanocomposite materials are highly amorphous. The dielectric spectroscopy of these different nanofiller concentrations PNC films has been carried out in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at a fixed temperature and also for 3 wt% nanofillers containing PNC films with the temperature variation. The results confirm that the complex dielectric permittivity of these hybrid films is influenced by the interfacial polarization in the low frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 kHz, whereas in the high frequency range up to 1 MHz permittivity is mainly governed by the molecular polarization and remains almost independent of the frequency. These SiO2 and Al2O3 nanofillers containing PNC films at fixed temperature display anomalous behaviour of dielectric permittivity and ac electrical conductivity with the increase of nanofiller concentration, but these parameters significantly enhance at low frequencies with the increase of temperature of the films. The electric modulus spectra of Al2O3 containing PNC film exhibit relaxation peaks below 100 Hz at higher temperatures which attribute to the interfacial polarization relaxation process. The frequency independent dielectric permittivity and significantly low loss of these PNC materials at radio frequencies confirm their suitability as polymeric nanodielectric (PND) substrate and insulator in the design and fabrication of biodegradable electronic devices and electrical components

Influence of SnO2 nanoinclusions on the structural and dielectric properties of (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 nanocomposites

Nanofiller concentration dependent, tunable-type structural, dielectric, thermo-mechanical, and optical properties of the polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have established them as technologically smart multifunctional materials for advances in stretchable and flexible-type organoelectronic, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting/storage devices. In this work, organic-inorganic hybrid PNC films comprising poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend as host matrix (PVA–PEO; 50–50 wt%) dispersed with varying concentration of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles up to 5 wt% have been prepared by the solution-cast method. The influence of SnO2 loading on the percent crystallinity of the host matrix and the structural parameters of the PEO crystallites has been examined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the PNC films. The results reveal that the percent crystallinity of the semicrystalline (PVA–PEO) matrix gradually enhanced, whereas the interlayer spacing, crystallite size, and interchain separation of the PEO crystallites varied anomalously with the increase of SnO2 concentration in the PNC films. The complex dielectric permittivity, alternating current (ac) electrical conductivity, and electric modulus dispersion over the broad frequency range (20 Hz–1 MHz) of these (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 films has been characterized by employing the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). It has been observed that 1 wt% SnO2 nanoinclusion abruptly reduced the interfacial, dipole polarizations, and also electrical conduction of the host matrix, whereas considerably enhanced hindrance to the PEO chain segmental motion studied at 30 °C. The temperature dependent study (30–60 °C) of the representative PNC film of 3 wt% nanofiller reveals its thermally activated non-linear dielectric polarization at fixed frequency and also Arrhenius behaviour of the dielectric relaxation processes of significantly low activation energy (≃ 0.14 eV). The structural, dielectric, and electrical properties of the (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 films have been critically analyzed for their suitability as controllable low dielectric permittivity polymer nanodielectric (PNDs) materials for biodegradable electronic devices

Renewable Energy in India: Assessment of public understanding, social acceptance and attitude

201-210This research paper investigates the level of public understanding, attitude and social acceptance towards renewable energy (RE) in India. A concise analysis of the present status and future potential of renewable energy sources (RESs) is discussed. Furthermore, the role of renewables in achieving India’s sustainable development goals (SDGs) and Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are also discussed. Various social aspects of the RESs are examined. A methodology based on surveying is used in this study. The results clearly reveal a massive understanding level of the participants regarding the RESs and their awareness about various problematic aspects related with fossil energy sources (FESs). The responses also demonstrate that mostly participants are in favor of the RESs projects in their locality and possess very positive attitude towards the RESs. Furthermore, the responses establish that majority of the participants are in favor of increasing the use of the RESs and energy self-sufficiency. Additionally, they want government should increase their interventions in addressing climatic problems

Energy Requirement, Resources and Future Management: A Review

This review paper investigates an up-to-date assessment and projection of the non-renewable energy sources (fossil and fissile energy sources) and renewable energy sources (RESs) and their various aspects. A concise analysis of the present status and future prospects of both the fossil energy sources (coal, natural gas and oil) and RESs is discussed. Furthermore, a concise analysis of the fossil fuels measured reserves and consumption for both global and Indian scenario are discussed. Problematic aspects of the non-renewable energy sources like adverse environmental impact, supply interruption fear and energy transition pathways are presented. A detailed summary of the RESs annual potential and a comparative analysis between fossil and RESs regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) emission are presented and the main barriers and remedial approaches in adaptation of RESs are portrayed

Impact on awareness of E-waste and its hazards in society

Many deadly environmental pollutions are polluting our earth today, due to which we are facing problems like climate change and health problems, another reason for this is also the change in technology and marketing trends, as well as our need to buy new items. This includes the tendency of many electronic devices to become obsolete and obsolete due to changes in time and technology, and most of these electrical and electronic equipment's (EEE) are discarded due to the end of their lives or non-working conditions. In such a scenario, it becomes a big question that what will happen to these old and unusable devices after all? In spite of this, we buy new electronic equipment, e-waste is one of the main problems of increasing waste as well as the most recent cause of environmental pollution this electronic waste. This waste is commonly known as "e-waste". In the year 2019, the world generated 53.6 metric tons (MT) of e-waste - an average of 7.3 kg per person. E-waste generation is projected to increase to 74.7 million tons in 2030 and 110 million tons in 2050 (GEMReport 2020) unless we revise our habits and practices of buying new equipment. In such a situation, the 3R policy will have to be adopted personally, so that we can reuse, recycle and reduce electrical and electronic equipment.The purpose of this research paper is to study how to make the public aware of the impact of e-waste on the environment and health, as well as to understand the relevant public knowledge and to effectively address the concern about e-waste. To help in creating awareness programs for This study focuses on the impact of awareness on e-waste and related problems

Energy Requirement, Resources and Future Management: A Review

779-784his review paper investigates an up-to-date assessment and projection of the non-renewable energy sources (fossil and fissile energy sources) and renewable energy sources (RESs) and their various aspects. A concise analysis of the present status and future prospects of both the fossil energy sources (coal, natural gas and oil) and RESs is discussed. Furthermore, a concise analysis of the fossil fuels measured reserves and consumption for both global and Indian scenario are discussed. Problematic aspects of the nonrenewable energy sources like adverse environmental impact, supply interruption fear and energy transition pathways are presented. A detailed summary of the RESs annual potential and a comparative analysis between fossil and RESs regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) emission are presented and the main barriers and remedial approaches in adaptation of RESs are portrayed

Effectiveness of Science Newspaper ‘Vaigyaniik Drishtikon’ in Science Communication: A Case Study

Every citizen in society should have the opportunity to think, understand and work scientifically. Under the Fundamental Duties as per Article 51A (H) in the Constitution of India, it has been said that it will be the duty of every citizen of India to develop a scientific temper, humanism and a spirit of inquiry and reform. Research always tends to find the new things, revolving around the facts and data. This research is towards the effectiveness and role of science newspaper Vaigyanik Drishtikon in science communication in Jaipur. The role of this research is to understand, analyse and check the effectiveness of the newspaper. Vaigyanik Drishtikon a fortnightly science newspaper is running from last 22 years and regarded as the first science newspaper in India. So it is playing a wide and vivid role in developing scientific temperament and awareness in the society. In life, we always need a way to reach aim, simultaneously in research there is a need of methodology. For conveying the best research and finding the outcomes researcher choose the online survey method. 21st century is the age of technology. Google form is quite handy tool for collecting data. Researcher have used Google form to collect 425 responses of a questionnaire comprising 22 questions. Most of the people participating in the survey have fully accepted that 'Vaigyanik Drishtikon' has developed their scientific understanding to a great extent and made them aware of the logical, informative and interesting knowledge of science in simple language. This kind of work need to be accomplish and many more to do

Influence of SnO2 nanoinclusions on the structural and dielectric properties of (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 nanocomposites

367-374Nanofiller concentration dependent, tunable-type structural, dielectric, thermo-mechanical, and optical properties of the polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have established them as technologically smart multifunctional materials for advances in stretchable and flexible-type organoelectronic, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting/storage devices. In this work, organic-inorganic hybrid PNC films comprising poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend as host matrix (PVA–PEO; 50–50 wt%) dispersed with varying concentration of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles up to 5 wt% have been prepared by the solution-cast method. The influence of SnO2 loading on the percent crystallinity of the host matrix and the structural parameters of the PEO crystallites has been examined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the PNC films. The results reveal that the percent crystallinity of the semicrystalline (PVA–PEO) matrix gradually enhanced, whereas the interlayer spacing, crystallite size, and interchain separation of the PEO crystallites varied anomalously with the increase of SnO2 concentration in the PNC films. The complex dielectric permittivity, alternating current (ac) electrical conductivity, and electric modulus dispersion over the broad frequency range (20 Hz–1 MHz) of these (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 films has been characterized by employing the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). It has been observed that 1 wt% SnO2 nanoinclusion abruptly reduced the interfacial, dipole polarizations, and also electrical conduction of the host matrix, whereas considerably enhanced hindrance to the PEO chain segmental motion studied at 30 °C. The temperature dependent study (30–60 °C) of the representative PNC film of 3 wt% nanofiller reveals its thermally activated non-linear dielectric polarization at fixed frequency and also Arrhenius behaviour of the dielectric relaxation processes of significantly low activation energy (≃ 0.14 eV). The structural, dielectric, and electrical properties of the (PVA–PEO)/SnO2 films have been critically analyzed for their suitability as controllable low dielectric permittivity polymer nanodielectric (PNDs) materials for biodegradable electronic devices

Dielectric dispersion and electrical conductivity of amorphous PVP–SiO2 and PVP–Al2O3 polymeric nanodielectric films

201-209The biodegradable hybrid polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films comprising silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles as inorganic nanofillers and the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as organic host matrix (i.e., PVP–x wt% SiO2 and PVP–x wt% Al2O3 for x = 0, 1, 3 and 5) have been prepared by aqueous solution-casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that these nanocomposite materials are highly amorphous. The dielectric spectroscopy of these different nanofiller concentrations PNC films has been carried out in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at a fixed temperature and also for 3 wt% nanofillers containing PNC films with the temperature variation. The results confirm that the complex dielectric permittivity of these hybrid films is influenced by the interfacial polarization in the low frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 kHz, whereas in the high frequency range up to 1 MHz permittivity is mainly governed by the molecular polarization and remains almost independent of the frequency. These SiO2 and Al2O3 nanofillers containing PNC films at fixed temperature display anomalous behaviour of dielectric permittivity and ac electrical conductivity with the increase of nanofiller concentration, but these parameters significantly enhance at low frequencies with the increase of temperature of the films. The electric modulus spectra of Al2O3 containing PNC film exhibit relaxation peaks below 100 Hz at higher temperatures which attribute to the interfacial polarization relaxation process. The frequency independent dielectric permittivity and significantly low loss of these PNC materials at radio frequencies confirm their suitability as polymeric nanodielectric (PND) substrate and insulator in the design and fabrication of biodegradable electronic devices and electrical components

Study on crystalline phases and degree of crystallinity of the melt compounded PVA/MMT and PVA/PVP/MMT nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films comprised poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and also its blend with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) (i.e., PVA/PVP = 75/25 wt/wt%) as host matrices loaded with different amounts of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay up to 10 wt% were prepared by melt compounded method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of these PNC films were recorded in the appropriate angular range of 2θ values 3.8°–26° for their crystalline phase structural characterization. In comparison to the broader-type single diffraction peak for the aqueous solution cast prepared pure PVA film and that of the PVA/PVP blend film which is attributed to the hydrogen bonded isotactic and syndiotactic PVA crystals, five sharp diffraction peaks of different intensities corresponding to the evolution of various crystallites in the melt compounded PVA and PVA/PVP blend films were observed. Further, these peaks intensities were found significantly affected by the amounts of loaded MMT in these polymer matrices-based nanocomposites. It was observed that the prominent crystalline phase of the pure PVA converted into alternative tactic phases in the PVA/MMT films with the variation of MMT concentration. The prime crystalline phase of the PVA/PVP/MMT nanocomposites underwent alternative crystal structures formation abruptly on the initial loading of the 1 wt% amount of MMT in the PVA/PVP blend matrix reflecting a substantial alteration in the direction and nature of hydrogen bonding within the PVA crystal structures, and less changes were found with the further increase of MMT concentration up to 10 wt%. The effect of MMT loading on the crystallite sizes, degree of crystallinity, and the exfoliated and intercalated MMT structures in these PNC materials were analyzed in detail