Assessment of Metabolic Parameters For Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism is a brain development disorder that first appears during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission. Impairments result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior. The reported incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has increased markedly over the past decade. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention has recently estimated the prevalence of ASDs in the United States at approximately 5.6 per 1000 (1 of 155 to 1 of 160) children. Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms. In deciding upon the appropriate evaluation scheme a clinician must consider a host of different factors. The guidelines in this article have been developed to assist the clinician in the consideration of these factors

Hypertension in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Clinical and Basic Science Perspective

Cardiovascular complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In particular, hypertension is insidious and remains a continuous problem that evolves during the course of the disease. Hypertension in ADPKD has been associated with abnormality in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Early vascular changes have also been reported in young ADPKD patients. In addition, the cellular functions of mechanosensory cilia within vascular system have emerged recently. The basic and clinical perspectives of RAAS, vascular remodeling and sensory cilia are reviewed with regard to hypertension in ADPK

Segmentation of Image Using Watershed and Fast Level set methods

Technology is proliferating. Many methods are used for medical imaging .The important methods used here are fast marching and level set in comparison with the watershed transform .Since watershed algorithm was applied to an image has over clusters in segmentation . Both methods are applied to segment the medical images. First, fast marching method is used to extract the rough contours. Then level set method is utilized to finely tune the initial boundary. Moreover, Traditional fast marching method was modified by the use of watershed transform. The method is feasible in medical imaging and deserves further research. It could be used to segment the white matter, brain tumor and other small and simple structured organs in CT and MR images. In the future, we will integrate level set method with statistical shape analysis to make it applicable to more kinds of medical images and have better robustness to noise

Netra Pratisarana - Effective result with a simple procedure

Pratisarana (rubbing) has been explained as Sthanika Chikitsa. Pratisarana is done, where Shastra Karma has a limitation to be used because of the sensitive surgical sight. “Hastameva Pradana Yantra”, Hasta (hand) has been used to carry out the procedure with various Lekhana Dravyas on such a delicate and sensitive structure with the expectation to cease the deep rooted / recurring / stubborn conditions. The importance of Pratisarana in Netra Roga as local ocular therapeutic/ surgery and its measures is immense into the present day in any chronic conditions as acute management due to its vast advantages, cost effect, availability of the drugs and procedure. In this area of presentation a brief overview on Pratisarana, its variants, Indications, clinical applications and rationality of the drugs used which are commonly available and probable mode of action will be convened to increase the confident level and make more ease to practice as an acute management to achieve success clinically

Redundancy Elimination with Coverage Preserving algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network

In Wireless Sensor Network, the sensor nodes are deployed using random or deterministic deployment methods. Many applications prefer random deployment for deploying the sensor nodes. Random deployment is the main cause of redundancy. Detection and elimination of redundant sensor nodes while preserving coverage is very important issue after the sensor nodes are deployed randomly in the region of interest. The redundancy elimination with coverage preserving algorithm is proposed in this paper and the results are presented. The proposed algorithm determines redundant sensor nodes and also the sensor nodes which provide the least coverage of region of interest. If two sensor nodes cover same area or if the Euclidian distance between two nodes is less than 25% of sensing range of a sensor node, the sensor which is not located at optimal position will be deactivated, so that, it reduces the number of optimal nodes required to cover complete region of interest. This in turn increases the lifetime of the network. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm preserves 100% coverage or region of interest by removing redundant nodes and also the nodes which provide the least coverage of region of interest. It also reduces the number of optimal nodes required to provide 100% coverage of region of interest

Comparison of Foley’s catheter with PGE2 gel and Foley’s catheter with PGE2 gel with extra amniotic saline infusion for labour induction

Background: Induction of labour is initiation of uterine contractions before the onset in order to vaginally deliver the foetoplacental unit. Common reasons for induction of labour are post-term and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Foley catheter with intra cervical PGE2 gel and Foley catheter with PGE2 gel with extra amniotic saline infusion for induction of labour.Methods: The clinical trial was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi. 80 pregnant women which included both primigravidae and multigravidae were alternatively divided into two groups. Group 1 received Foley’s and PGE2 gel and group 2 received Foley’s, PGE2 gel and extra amniotic saline infusion for induction of labour.Results: Both groups were comparable with respect to maternal age, gestational age and indication for induction. There was no significant difference in the mean pre-induction Bishop score between two groups. In both the groups there was significant improvement in the Bishop score after 6 hours of induction. But progress in group 2 was greater than group 1(P <0.05). The mean time from induction to delivery in group 2 was shorter and was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no difference in mode of delivery, neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality between 2 groups.Conclusions: The present study showed that Foley’s with PGE2 gel with extra amniotic saline infusion is better for labour induction though both groups appear to be effective agents

Major congenital malformations of foetus: a bane in pregnancy

Background: The aim of the study was to find out the numbers of women presenting with pregnancy complicating with major congenital anomalies of the fetus.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of fifteen months in the year 2018-2019. The types of congenital anomalies were that of the central nervous system, cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, skeleto-muscular, hydrops foetalis, chromosomal, single umbilical artery and other multiple anomalies. Other variables regarding the age group of the mother, gravida, parity and gestational age at which the pregnancy was terminated was also noted.Results: A total of 212 pregnancies were diagnosed with major congenital anomalies of fetus and opted for termination. Malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) of fetus, formed the largest group of 56.6%, and fetal gastrointestinal malformations and fetal renal anomalies occupied the second major groups forming 11.8% and 11.3% respectively. The age group of women ranged between 23 years to 38 years. The largest group of pregnant women with fetal malformations were aged between 23-27 years. Primigravida with zero parity women were 60.4% of the total group of women with major fetal anomalies.Conclusions: Maximum number of congenital anomalies were seen in primigravida and para one mothers. Genetic counseling should be offered for women at clinics, before planning further pregnancy. Facilities should be made available for poor people from remote areas for early detection of congenital anomalies

Nicotine-Induced Effects on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs), Ca2+ and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in STC-1 Cells

In addition to the T2R bitter taste receptors, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have recently been shown to be involved in the bitter taste transduction of nicotine, acetylcholine and ethanol. However, at present it is not clear if nAChRs are expressed in enteroendocrine cells other than beta cells of the pancreas and enterochromaffin cells, and if they play a role in the synthesis and release of neurohumoral peptides. Accordingly, we investigated the expression and functional role of nAChRs in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. Our studies using RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques demonstrate that STC-1 cells express several α and β nAChR subunits. Exposing STC-1 cells to nicotine acutely (24h) or chronically (4 days) induced a differential increase in the expression of nAChR subunit mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Mecamylamine, a non-selective antagonist of nAChRs, inhibited the nicotineinduced increase in mRNA expression of nAChRs. Exposing STC-1 cells to nicotine increased intracellular Ca2+ in a dose-dependent manner that was inhibited in the presence of mecamylamine or dihydro-β-erythroidine, a α4β2 nAChR antagonist. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein were detected in STC-1 cells using RT-PCR, specific BDNF antibody, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acute nicotine exposure (30 min) decreased the cellular content of BDNF in STC-1 cells. The nicotine-induced decrease in BDNF was inhibited in the presence of mecamylamine. We also detected α3 and β4 mRNA in intestinal mucosal cells and α3 protein expression in intestinal enteroendocrine cells. We conclude that STC-1 cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells express nAChRs. In STC-1 cells nAChR expression is modulated by exposure to nicotine in a doseand time-dependent manner. Nicotine interacts with nAChRs and inhibits BDNF expression in STC-1 cells