GC-MS and HPLC Supported Phytochemical Analysis of Tridax

Background: Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn. is a daisy family commonly known as “Ghamra” or “Coat Buttons”, the native of this plant is tropical America, Asia, Australia and throughout India, it is also distributed in roadside, waste grounds, riverbanks mainly during rainy season. It has medicinal properties due to presence of some bioactive chemical constituents. Objectives: Phytochemical analysis of Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn leaves were carried out in different extraction. Methods: Qualitative, Quantitative, HPLC, GC- MS & UV-FTIR. Results: The phytochemical qualitative analysis of Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn was performed with various extraction. The hydro-ethanolic extract contains a high concentration of phytochemical constituents than ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether & aqueous extracts. The phytochemical constituents found were tannin, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone, polyphenol, glycoside, coumarins and emodin. The wide range of bioactive compounds were found to have antitoxicity, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antifouling, nematicide, antiarthritic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, antihistaminic, anticoronary insectifuge, antieczemic, antiacne, anti-androgenic flavour, pesticide, lubricant, haemolytic 5-alphareductase inhibitor, antipsychotic, potent antibacterial agent, antimalarial activites. Conclusion: Hydro-ethanolic extract showed several phytochemical constituents and bioactive compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes

Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis of Cinnamomum Tamala Leaf Extract

Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the properties and bioactive components of Cinnamomum tamala leaves. Methods: The leaves of Cinnamomum tamala were extracted. Different experimental methods have been used to study the phytochemicals (qualitative and quantitative). The phytochemical screening was evaluated in different extractions such as aqueous, hexane, ethanol, petroleum ether and hydroethanolic to compare the solubility of various bioactive components. Further, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were also performed to study the presence of flavonoids and secondary metabolites respectively. Results: The Qualitative analysis showed the presence of phytochemical compounds in higher concentration in hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. In comparison with other extracts, hydroethanolic extract had larger yields of flavonoids (186.42 ± 13.04 mg/g QE), phenols (226.34 ± 15.84 mg/g GAE), saponins (112.10 ± 7.84 mg/g) and steroids (161.30 ± 11.29 mg/g CL). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids in hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. GC-MS analysis proved the presence of various bioactive compounds in the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated the significance of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. We concluded that Cinnamomum tamala leaves have various biological activities which can treat diseases.

A Behavioural and Histological Approach to Dose Dependent Chronic Toxicity Screening of Cyclotide in Zebrafishes

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness worldwide. It is an age-related sickness. An illness treatment plan is urgently required. Such secondary metabolites from plants may undoubtedly be the source of the medications with less adverse effects. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is used experimentally to mimic Parkinson's disease in adult zebrafish. In the realm of medicine, there are no ideal cures for ailments. For the past few decades, a number of plant secondary chemicals have been tested in preclinical settings to cure this illness. Many references have been made to cyclotide's neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that amantadine (AMA), an aminoadamantane well-known for its mild antiparkinsonian action, counteracts central nervous system dysfunction. Apart from oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, 6-OHDA may also cause decreased cytosolic levels of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH). Since this is primarily thought to be in charge of dopamine production in the central nervous system, an antagonist of TH may be the best medication option when treating Parkinson's disease. Since Amantadine (AMA) is the conventional medication, the current study compares the potential of Cyclotide as Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitors to examine the molecular anti-TH interactions in 6-OHDA-induced adult zebrafishes

OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BRAINS OF MALE RATS INTOXICATED WITH ALUMINIUM AND NEUROMODULATING EFFECT OF CELASTRUS PANICULATUS ALCOHOLIC SEED EXTRACT.

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the alcoholic seed extract of Celastrus paniculatus (ASECP) could potentially prevent aluminium induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain. Male albino rats were administered with AlCl3 at a dose of 4.2mg/kg/day i.p. for 4 weeks. Experimental rats were given Celastrus paniculatus seed extract in two different doses of 200mg and 400mg/kg/day orally 1hr prior to the AlCl3 administration for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiments, aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase and Mg2+ ATPase and increased the level of LPO and the activities of ALP, ACP, ALT and AST in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with ASECP at a dose of 200mg/kg b.w increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane bound enzymes and also decreased the level of LPO and the activities of marker enzymes significantly, when compared with aluminium induced rats. Al treatment also revealed an increase in DNA fragmentation as evidenced by an increase in number of comets. Interestingly, ASECP pretreatment reduced the damage inflicted on DNA by aluminium. Aluminium induction also caused histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of rat brain which was reverted by pretreatment with ASECP. The present study clearly indicates the potential of seed extract of Celastrus paniculatus in counteracting the damage inflicted by Al on rat brain regions

Evaluation Of Bioactive Compounds in Desmidorchis Indica Stem Extract Using Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques

Desmidorchis indica is a small fleshy herbs and umbels terminal belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Extraction is the first step of any medicinal plant study, plays a significant and crucial role on the final result and outcome. In the present study to investigate the qualitative analysis of different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, hexane, hydro-ethanolic and petroleum ether) of Desmidorchis indica stem. Among the various extracts, the hydro-ethanolic extract of Desmidorchis indica stem contains a higher concentration of phytochemicals than other extracts and is used for subsequent studies. The UV-VIS spectroscopy revealed that the characteristic peak indicates the presence of various phytochemicals in the extract. The results of FTIR analysis showed the presence of alcohol, phenol, alkynes, alkenes, aromatic, carboxylic acid, aromatic and aliphatic amines groups in Desmidorchis indica stem extract. HPLC analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Desmidorchis indica stem revealed that the presence of kaempferol, quercetin, epigallocatechin and hypersoide. Thirty compounds were identified in extract of Desmidorchis indica stem by GC-MS analysis. The prevailing compounds are n-hexadecanoic acid, 1-octadecanol, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 12,15-octadecadiynoic acid, methyl, 9-octadecenoic acid, eicosanoic acid, 2-methyl-z,z-3,13-octadecadienol, di-(9-octadecenoyl)-glycerol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and docosanoic acidwere found in this Desmidorchis indica stem. Overall, it can be concluded that Desmidorchis indica stem is a rich source of phytochemicals confirmed through qualitative, quantitative, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques

Toxicological Profile of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Peel Extract and Histopathological Assessment in Zebrafish (Danio rerio): An In-Vivo Study

Background: Fruit – by - product includes peels, seeds, leaves, residual pulp, stems and discarded pieces from a variety of sources. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is a good source of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, and functional properties and there is a healthy trend towards by-product utilization and value addition. However, its toxicity and its adverse effects were not intensively studied. Objective: This study aimed to examine the In-vivo toxicity of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP) extract and histopathological assessment using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods: Decoction (Aqueous) by Soxhlet method was used for extraction from Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Dense extract was used to study toxicity level and it was assessed using Dose Dependent Toxicity Assessment (DDTA) with Zebrafish. The mature Zebrafish were divided into eight groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and control) based on their average body weight, with eight fishes in each tank. Fish groups (8 fishes/concentration) were treated to different doses and concentrations of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Fish mortality was monitored and recorded after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. After acute toxicity analysis, H & E staining was performed to analyse the zebrafish brain. At least 3 fish from each group were taken and analysed for histopathological scoring. Result: At 24 hr and 96 hr exposure periods, the lethal dosage, to kill 50% of test fishes, was 800 mg/L. Fish treated with 200 mg/L dosage had a score grade of 1 and showed no toxic pathological changes when compared to 400 and 800 mg/L doses because they considerably had decreased pathological scores of neuronal damages, which was equivalent to the control group. Zebrafish treated with 12.5 – 200 mg/L showed no toxic effect in the brain of fish, which was comparable with the control. Conclusion: The current study showed that the No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is evaluated to be 200 mg/L dosage. Thus, PPP has less toxicity, and its use is suggested with potential applications against diseases

Preliminary verification of Bacopa monniera and network pharmacology research for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Bacoside - A, a dynamic component of Bacopa monniera is utilized in different ailments. The pharmacodynamics and cellular pathways overseeing the impacts of Bacoside- A on NAFLD stay unclear. In this study, we examined Bacoside - A pharmacology through evaluation of its chemical constituents and assessed and screened its components using drug likeness, pharmacokinetic characteristics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), and appropriate compensation mechanisms. We performed expectations of the dynamic BM fixings based on invert pharmacophore matching and compared different NAFLD-related genes to decide potential BM targets. Atomic docking experiments of the dynamic components were performed to uncover cellular targets. Explanation examination of both target qualities and related pathways were evaluated through the DAVID database. Cytoscape computer program was utilized to build a “component-target- path” network for the treatment of NAFLD by BM. Through data analysis, 9 active BM substances and 10 targets related to NAFLD encompassing 4 cellular pathways were identified. Data were verified through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. These findings provide new references for the network pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal compounds and NAFLD treatment

Pharmaceutical potential of active compounds from plants: A comprehensive review on Alzhemier disease and future possibilities

Alzheimer's illness (AD) is an issue that causes cell degeneration in the cerebrum and is the primary driver of dementia, which is described by a lessening in thought and freedom in private everyday exercises. Promotion is viewed as a multifactorial sickness: two primary speculations were proposed as a reason for theories of commercials, cholinergic and amyloids. Moreover, a few gamble factors, like expanding age, hereditary variables, head wounds, vascular illnesses, contaminations, and natural elements, assume a part in the infection. At present, there are just two sorts of meds endorsed to treat AD, including cholinesterase compound inhibitors and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) bad guys, who are powerful just in the treatment of AD side effects, yet don't fix or keep you from disease. Today, research is zeroing in on the comprehension of AD pathology focused on a few systems, like strange tau protein digestion, β-amyloid, fiery reaction, and cholinergic and free extreme harm, with the target of creating effective medicines to stop or alter the course of the declaration. This survey presently examines accessible drugs and future hypotheses for the advancement of new treatments for AD and normal mixtures

A review on pharmacological activities of Mukia maderaspatana

Cucurbits are consumable crops, belonging to the family of Cucurbitaceae. They are widely distributed in the regions of tropical and sub-tropical region. These tendril climbers are grown in village surrounding. The plant has been grown from olden days for its medicinal value. It is used as herbal drug for cough and cold. All parts of plant such as leaf, stem, root, fruit and seeds are used in historical system of medicine.  Cucurbits are naturally trailing plant. Edible food such as watermelon and cucumber are found in cucurbit family. Plants belonging to cucurbits family are higher in nutritional value. Mukia maderaspatana belongs to Cucurbitaceae genus. It is (called as “musumusukkai” in tamil). It is also known as Cucumis maderaspatana.  Mukia maderaspatana has pharmacological activities such as aperient, diuretic, stomachic, antipyretic, anti-flatulent, anti-asthmatic, antitussive, antihistaminic, antibronchitic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, antiulcer. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponin, carbohydrate and steroid in ethanol and methanol extraction. In this article we discuss on pharmacological activities of Mukia maderaspatana

Anticancer activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Enhalus acoroides

Cancer is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Anticancer activity refers to the ability of natural and synthetic, biological and chemical agents to revert, stop, or halt carcinogenic progression. To treat the ailment, several synthetic pharmaceuticals are utilised, but they have negative effects, thus researchers are investigating into plant-derived chemotherapeutic treatments. Enhalus acoroides, a member of the Hydrocharitaceae family, is found along the southeast coast of India and the tropical western Pacific. Hydroalcoholic extract of Enhalus acoroides inhibits the proliferation of Liver cancer and Breast cancer. The cell viability was analysed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which shows that Hydroalcoholic extract of Enhalus acoroides significantly reduced the growth with IC50 value for HepG2 as 112.20μg/ml    and MCF-7 as 101.60μg/ml. Hence the results of current study conclude that Hydroalcoholic extract of Enhalus acoroides is a potent anticancer drug that can be utilized for the treatment of Hepatocellular cancer and Breast cancer