Human-Animal Immune Simulations in Covid-19

The theme of Human-Animal immune simulations in covid-19 is of tripartite nature .First is the human, the second is the infecting virus and the third is the animal. The simulation criteria for human are; functional immune system ,evident harmony in the nervous-endocrine-immune axis, potent homeostatic mechanisms and good nutritional status. The infectious virus should be capable to; Find port of entry, did efficiently the receptor mediated entry to the target cell entrance ,production of outnumbering viral particles forming viral load, production of virulence factors and evading the host immune mechanisms. The virus first sound to be zoonotic in nature, but then it expresses  anthropozoonotic and zooanthroponotic infection cycle. Human sars-cov-2 infection forms clustered in six infection forms. While in the mammalian experimental sars-cov-2 infection  is mostly of  mild respiratory form. The mammalian animal simulation criteria are; High percent similarity in structure and function to human immune system, similar harmony in the axis of nervous-endocrine-immune systems and evident similarity percent in the cellular events of the immune responses to that of man.Sars-cov-2 antigenic epitopes identified as spike protein epitope, nucleoprotein epitope and binding domain epitope,  infection in man rise up specific antibodies as early in the immune response time curve as IgM, then class switched to IgA in acute course of the infection then lately switched to IgG in chronic state. Anti-spike antibodies are virus neutralizing parallel to recovery from the infection. The duration of antibody lasting in patient plasma around three months but their protective efficacy upon re- infection is a matter of debate. Neutralizing anti-spike protein antibodies prevents  experimental  reinfection in both monkeys and Syrian  golden hamsters. Though the duration of such protection to experimental reinfection is rather unknown.CD4 T cells effector and memory subsets are of crucial protective role in human covid-19.CD8 T cells  and NK cells are exhausted during  the human acute  infection form. The role of NK,CD4,CD8 T cells in covid-19 in experimental animals remained to be explored. Number of novel immune models concerns Sars-cov-2 virus in various facets of human infection remain to be performed. Keywords: Antibody ,Covid-19 ,epitope , harmony , homeostasis , infection , Sars-cov-2 ,virus DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-18-05 Publication date:September 30th 202

Four Entities, Three Theories and Four Scenarios Under the Umbrella of the Second Infection for the SARS-COV-2- Virus in Man

The four entities that were overlapped in the sense with post recovery second sars-cov-2 infection in man were as; Re-infection ,co-infection, reactivation infection and stealth infections Three theories tempts to explain the case. Together with a trial to delineate in between them. The infection course may be ;Asymptomatic ,mild, and moderate and severe. The tissue tropism of the virus is lung, then to renal and nervous tissues. The virus genome variate in to six molecular genetic clades, two biotypes as Asian and European, and six patho-types. The co-infectents are: Herps ,adeno ,measles viruses ,S. aureus, N. cattrahalis and Klebsiella. The virus immune-dominant epitopes can induce effector B, memory B, effector auto-reacting B, memory auto-reacting T , effector T and memory T and mucosal invariant T cells. The resulting immune responses are humeral, cellular ,mucosal invariant T cell responses in addition to autoantibody responses. The net results of these responses may terminated by by production of specific antibodies and cytokine and may accompanied by humeral and /or cellular enhancement of the disease. The apparent duration of post-infection immunity seems to be short and the protection efficacy still a matter of debate and four post-recovery immunity scenarios were suggested as sterilizing ,functional ,waning ,and lost immunities. Keywords: Co-Infection ,infection, re-infection ,reactivation infection ,scenarios. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/82-01 Publication date: November 30th 202

The Durability of Immunity to SARS-COV-2 Infection in Man

The durability  of covid-19 immunity in man was  being  explored  in this opinion. Criteria for determination of post-recovery protective immunity were  suggested. Current published information indicated that it may last for three to six months in accordance with the sero-conversion and sero-prevalence  actual studies. While according to memory B and T cell studies ,it was demonstrated  that both of  memory B and memory T cells can be detected up to eight months in post recovery  period  of  mild to critical cases  of covid-19  and up to 12 months in a retrospective study on large scale seasonal circulating coronavirus human re- infection incidence .Though the extent to which  post-recovery  protective B and T cell  immunity operate to re-infection still remain to elucidated. Factors affecting the duration of herd immunity to sars-cov-2 were  suggested. basis. Keywords: Covid-19,  coronovirus  durability  ,memory cells, post-recovery ,protective,  sero-conversion ,sero-prevalence. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-22-06 Publication date: November 30th 202

The Immune Overreaction Phenomena in Severe Sars-cov-2 Human Infections

The immunology of Sars-cov-2 human infection is known to be complex. One of the facets   of its complexity  is the occurrence  of immune over reaction phenomena  in its severe forms. Such forms stands as  a challenge for laboratory diagnostics and clinicians due its further complexity. The objective of the present mini-review was to explore these immune over-reaction phenomena [IORP ]among the severe infection forms .The noted IORP in severe  covid-19 were as;  two,the innate immno-thrombi [microthrombi]  and the hyper-cytokine-mia[cytokine storm],one cross-road IORP as an unrestrained activation of complement system and two adaptive IORP as an autoimmune phenocopy[ Neutralizing autoantibody producing B cell autoimmune pheno-copy of the type I Interferons ] as well as the Viral sensor [ Dynamics of the MAIT immune cells ]. These phenomena  are resolved on reaching  the possible  case  recovery. Keywords: Adaptive ,cross-road ,innate ,immune ,over-reaction, phenomena ,sars-cov-2. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/85-09 Publication date: January 31st 202

The Immune Concerns for Chronicity of Sars-cov-2 Infection in Man

The objective of the p3resent opinion was disclose some immune features of chronic sars-cov-2 human infection. The extension of sars-cov-2 infection manifestation up to 12 months or more beyond the onset of the clinical infection is considered to be chronic. The problem of chronicity gain its importance impart by the residence of infecting sars-cov-2 virus in a reserve organ and frequently releasing it to the blood circulation reaching other body parts causing continual stimulation of hosting immune system with an outcomes of an immune over-reactions, immune weakening and immune mediated diseases. The immune features of the chronicity in covid-19 infections appeared to be different in different patients, though the presence of in-common ones . There was an array of the immune system behavior noted in such chronicity as; Prolonged adaptive immune activation and cellular exhaustion, weakening, over-reaction as well as inflammatory and immune tissue injuries. Gullain Barre autoimmune disease was currently documented to be induced by chronic sars-cov-2 virus infection. Keywords: Chronicity, covid-19, disease ,immune, inflammation ,Sars. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/86-04 Publication date: February 28th 202

Individual variations and Human herd Immunity

Variations in genes ,proteins and/or cells within an individual took part in the overall variations in human herd. Herd variations are facing concurrent, present ,  past or forthcoming infections and/or vaccinations are the invaders. Such invaders are       the stimulants for the immune conversion from naïve B or naïve T or both into effector or memory lymphocytes. The herd immune response to these     invaders can be as; high, moderate low and/or non. CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes counts, IL12 P40, as well as S.typhi H specific antibody titers were given as study cases where human herd immunity do operate in which both Gaussian distribution curve and skewing graphs were also evident.   Key Words; Individual ,Herd ,Herd Immunity ,Genes,  Protein ,Major Histocompatability System

Urinary Mucosal Cryoglobulin: A Review

The procedure for the assessment of the urinary mucosal cryoglobulin (UMCG) is being reviewed, testified and evaluated. The major features of UMCG are rather similar to that of serum cryoglobulin. Such evident similarities are forming the reality for the existence of the UMCG. There were seven characterizing criteria useable for the identification for UMCG. Upon matching them to the Irish criteria for serum cryoglobulin, some modifications are being proposed to the 16th standards that has been formulated and built as an Irish criterion. The existence of UMCG is being reported for the first time in human chronic infectious bacterial disease

Laboratory Development and Shared Antigenicity of Two Prototype Candidate Citrobacter Freundii Vaccines

Cirobacter  freundii are currently standing  as a  newly emerged human pathogen causing several infection types .It may  take an outbreak pattern of  nosocomial  infectious disease. Thus,  a  prototype candidate Citrobacter  freundii  human uro-pathogen were aimed to be  laboratory developed in two versions .The first  was heat killed intact[CFKV] and the second was  stealth live  cell wall defective[CFSLV] vaccines. Both versions  were found to be; safe ,immunogenic  and effective  on  lapin immune and  challenge models. The immune  efficacy  was up to 80% for CF SLV  and 60% for the CFKV vaccines. CFKV and CFSLV  vaccines  were with no mortality but with mild short lasting  morbidity. The criteria of the  laboratory developed  C. fruendii vaccines were matching that of typhoid vaccine Ty21a.The stealth FCSLV of  freundii vaccine has shown shared  antigenicity with CFKV vaccine version. Such shared antigenicity was found to be of bilateral nature  both in quantitative and qualitative terms. CFKV and CFSLV vaccines  induced humoral antibody responses  which  may be of Th2 dependent B cell responses. T cell responses are far from being operable in  the immune  efficacy of these vaccines, since  C .fruendii are neither obligate nor facultative intracellular parasites . Vaccine lapin  cross challenge models  are waiting to be explored in a  future work