The Status of Women in the Old Testament

The Bible, the holy scripture of Christianity，has exerted a profound influence on Western society. It is the resource of discrimination against women. This thesis mainly focuses on the status of women in the Old Testament. It analyses Hebrew women’s miserable lives and low status through the illustrations from the Old Testament

Expression of the body language in learning processes in class between pupils and teachers in primary school in China

En France, de nombreux chercheurs s’intéressent à la question de l’expression du corps dans le processus d’apprentissage. En classe, le corps de l’enseignant comme celui de l’élève, est en mouvement continuel, ce qui peut entraîner des ruptures dans la communication maître-élève lors de l’apprentissage. Ces mêmes discontinuités peuvent également être des atouts pour renforcer la communication dans un apprentissage.Dans le cadre de l’école primaire contemporaine chinoise, la recherche que nous avons entreprise, s’efforce de comprendre le type de relations que le sujet apprenant établit avec son environnement à l’école, qu’il soit en situation de réussite ou en situation de difficulté. C’est un domaine assez nouveau en Chine où la recherche sur l’expression du corps dans l’enseignement a commencé seulement au début du XXIème siècle. En nous appuyant sur les théories occidentales sur la communication non verbale, nous avons entrepris en Chine une étude de terrain. Cette étude prend en compte des dimensions multiples empruntant à divers domaines tels que la psychologie, la philosophie, la sociologie, l’anthropologie, et ceux centrés sur la communication non-verbale.La recherche part de ces trois questions. Qu’apporte l’expression du corps dans les interactions en faveur de l’existence d’un lien entre langage corporel et relation pédagogique ? À partir du point de vue de Janine Lafon (1991) exposé dans Vers une gestion de la séduction dans la relation pédagogique, quelle est la place du corps dans les relations pédagogiques ? Dans quelle mesure et comment l’expression du corps dans l’interaction entre l’enseignant et les élèves conditionne-t-elle l’existence d’un lien entre langage corporel et relation pédagogique ?Les questions sont abordées à partir de l’organisation de l’enseignement dans l’école primaire de Chao Yang, section de la ville de Pékin en Chine. La recherche étudie le corps dans la classe, du point de vue de l’enseignant et du point de vue de l’élève : identifier, expliciter la place du corps et des gestes dans des situations d’enseignement en Chine. Pour mener à bien cette recherche dans cette école primaire de Pékin, nous avons construit deux questionnaires soumis à un échantillon de 204 élèves et 16 enseignantes et réalisé deux vidéos de quarante-cinq minutes chacune. Nous avons filmé un cours de mathématiques et un cours de langue chinoise. Dans la mesure où, dans le contexte de la culture chinoise, il n’est pas habituel de montrer ses émotions par des expressions gestuelles, nous avons mis en évidence que les gestes de l’enseignant 1 - jouent un rôle pour favoriser les interactions entre lui et les élèves (relation pédagogique),2 - incitent les élèves à suivre les cours avec plus d’attention,3 - sont indispensables pour accompagner l’expression verbale orale du maître dans sa pratique pédagogique. Autrement dit, les élèves chinois seraient influencés par la voix de la maitresse pendant les cours en classe, par les gestes et la posture physique de l’enseignant. Les élèves chinois seraient plus attentifs pendant le cours quand l'enseignant utilise les gestes non-verbales dans l'enseignement. Nous avons identifié une tendance à la cohérence entre les avis des élèves et ceux des enseignants vis-à-vis de l'influence de la voix de l'enseignant sur l'élève, de même qu’entre les avis des élèves et ceux des enseignants entre la communication non verbale et l’efficacité pédagogique.Expression of the body language in learning processes in class between pupils and teachers in primary school in ChinaIn France, many researchers are interested in the issue of body expression in learning process. In class, teacher's body student’s body is in a continual motion, which may cause breaks in teacher-student communication in learning. These discontinuities can also be assets for strengthening communication in learning.In the context of contemporary Chinese primary school, the research we have undertaken efforts to understand the type of relationship that the learner subject establishes with its environment at school, when it is an experiencing success or a difficult situat²ion. This is a fairly new area in China where research on the expression of the body in the teacher started only at the beginning of the XXIst century. Building on the Western theories of nonverbal communication, we undertook experimental studies in China. This study takes into account the multiple dimensions borrowing from various fields such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and those focused on non-verbal communication.Research starts from these three questions. What does the expression of the body in the interactions in favor of the existence of a link between body language and pedagogical relationship? From the point of view of Janine Lafon (Vers une gestion de la séduction dans la relation pédagogique, 1991), what is the place of the body in the pedagogical relationship? To what extent and how does the expression of the body in the interaction between teacher and students determine that there is a link between body language and pedagogical relationship?The issues are addressed from the organization of teaching in the primary school Chao Yang section of the city of Beijing. The research examines the body in the classroom, the teacher's point of view and from the perspective of the student: identify, explain the place of the body and gestures in teaching situations in China.To carry out this research, tin the same primary schools in Beijing, we built two questionnaires to a sample of 204 students and 16 teachers and produced two videos forty-five minutes each, a mathematics course for one, a Chinese language course to the other.To the extent that in the context of Chinese culture it is not usual to show emotions with gestural expressions, we believe that the teacher's gestures:1 - Play a role in furthering the interaction between him and the students (pedagogical relationship),2 - Encourage students to take courses with more attention,3 - Are essential to accompany the oral verbal expression of the master in his teaching practice.In other words,Chinese students would be influenced by the voice of the mistress during class lessons.Chinese students would be influenced by the actions and the physical posture of the teacher.Chinese students are more attentive during class when the teacher uses nonverbal gestures in teaching.There would be a consistency between the opinions of students and those of teachers facing the influence of teacher’s voice on the student.There would be a consistency between the opinions of students and teachers between those nonverbal communication and teaching effectiveness

Dimension non verbale des interactions dans l’espace scolaire en Chine. Approche exploratoire dans une école primaire de Pékin

International audienceIn France, many researchers are interested in the issue of body expression in learning process. In Primary school classroom, teacher's body student’s body is in a continual motion, which may cause breaks in teacher-student communication in learning. Based on this observation, we explored this question of the place of the body language and non-verbal expression in China. These discontinuities can also be assets for strengthening communication in learning. Dan classroom of Chinese primary school, the research we have undertaken efforts to understand the type of relationship that the learner subject establishes with its environment at school, when it is an experiencing success or a difficult situation. This is a fairly new area in China where research on the expression of the body in the teacher started only at the beginning of the XXIst century. Building on the Western theories of nonverbal communication, we undertook experimental studies in China. This study takes into account the multiple dimensions borrowing from various fields such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and those focused on non-verbal communication.En Francia, muchos investigadores están interesados en la cuestión de la expresión del cuerpo en el proceso de aprendizaje. En las aulas de la escuela, tanto el cuerpo docente como el de los alumnos se mueven continuamente, lo que puede provocar rupturas en la comunicación maestro-alumno en las situaciones de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Estas mismas discontinuidades pueden ser también ventajas para reforzar la comunicación en tales situaciones. Partiendo de esta constatación, hemos explorado esta cuestión del lugar del cuerpo y de las expresiones no verbales en China. En el marco de la escuela primaria contemporánea, la investigación que hemos emprendido tiene por objeto comprender el tipo de relaciones que el sujeto que aprende establece con su entorno en la escuela, independientemente de que se encuentre en una situación de éxito o en una situación de dificultad. Se trata de un ámbito bastante nuevo en China, donde la investigación sobre la expresión del cuerpo en la enseñanza comenzó sólo a principios del siglo XXI. Sobre la base de las teorías occidentales de la comunicación no verbal, hemos emprendido un estudio de campo en China. Este estudio tiene en cuenta múltiples dimensiones que abarcan diversos ámbitos, como la psicología, la filosofía, la sociología, la antropología y los centrados en la comunicación no verbal.En France, de nombreux chercheurs s’intéressent à la question de l’expression du corps dans le processus d’apprentissage. En classe à l’école, le corps de l’enseignant comme celui de l’élève est en mouvement continuel, ce qui peut entraîner des ruptures dans la communication maître-élève dans les situations d’enseignement-apprentissage. Ces mêmes discontinuités peuvent également être des atouts pour renforcer la communication dans de telles situations. Partant de ce constat, nous avons exploré cette question de la place du corps et des expressions non verbales en Chine. Dans le cadre de l’école primaire contemporaine, la recherche que nous avons entreprise, vise à comprendre le type de relations que le sujet apprenant établit avec son environnement à l’école, qu’il soit en situation de réussite ou en situation de difficulté. C’est un domaine plutôt nouveau en Chine où la recherche sur l’expression du corps dans l’enseignement a commencé seulement au début du XXIème siècle. En nous appuyant sur les théories occidentales sur la communication non verbale, nous avons entrepris en Chine une étude de terrain. Cette étude prend en compte des dimensions multiples empruntant à divers domaines telles que la psychologie, la philosophie, la sociologie, l’anthropologie, et ceux centrés sur la communication non-verbale

Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Alternatives to Antibiotics in Food Animal Industry

Over the last decade, the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a global concern, which has prompted the search for alternative antibacterial agents for use in food animals. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis, are possible candidates for the design of new antimicrobial agents because of their natural antimicrobial properties and a low propensity for development of resistance by microorganisms. This manuscript reviews the current knowledge of the basic biology of AMPs and their applications in non-ruminant nutrition. Antimicrobial peptides not only have broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but also have the ability to bypass the common resistance mechanisms that are placing standard antibiotics in jeopardy. In addition, AMPs have beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota in pigs and broilers. Therefore, AMPs have good potential as suitable alternatives to conventional antibiotics used in swine and poultry industries

The Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Probiotic in Swine Diets

As the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the possibility of antibiotic residues in animal products attract increasing attention, the interest in the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics has been growing. Recent research with Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in pigs suggests that LAB provide a potential alternative to antibiotic strategies. LAB include Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium spp, Bacillus spp, and some other microbes. LAB can adjust the intestinal environment, inhibit or kill pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the microbial balance in the intestine, as well as regulate intestinal mucosal immunity and maintain intestinal barrier function, thereby benefiting the health of pigs. The related mechanisms for these effects of LAB may include producing microbicidal substances with effects against gastrointestinal pathogens and other harmful microbes, competing with pathogens for binding sites on the intestinal epithelial cell surface and mucin as well as stimulating the immune system. In this review, the characteristics of LAB and their probiotic effects in newborn piglets, weaned piglets, growing pigs and sows are documented

Evaluation of Effectiveness and Safety of Microcin C7 in Weaned Piglets

The effects and safety of dietary supplementation with Microcin C7 (C7) were evaluated in 216 weaned piglets. The pigs were given a control corn–soybean meal basal diet or C7 diet (control diet supplemented with 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 5000 mg C7/kg diets). Compared with the control group, the 500 mg/kg C7 supplementation group had better intestinal morphological indicators (p p p p p p < 0.05). Compared with the control diet, 5000 mg/kg C7 supplementation had no significant adverse effect on all parameters. Overall, the 250–500 mg/kg dose had the best effect, and the highest dose (5000 mg/kg) posed no toxicity risk. Therefore, C7 appears safe for use as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets

Microbiota Transplantation in an Antibiotic-Induced Bacterial Depletion Mouse Model: Reproducible Establishment, Analysis, and Application

The fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT) technique is indispensable when exploring the pathogenesis and potential treatments for microbiota-related diseases. For FMT clinical treatments, there are already systematic guidelines for donor selection, fecal bacterial separation, FMT frequency, and infusion methods. However, only a few studies have demonstrated the use of standardized FMT procedures for animal models used in theoretical research, creating difficulties for many new researchers in this field. In the present paper, we provide a brief overview of FMT and discuss its contribution to the current understanding of disease mechanisms that relate to microbiota. This protocol can be used to generate a commonly used FMT mouse model and provides a literature reference of customizable steps

Advances in low-protein diets for swine

Abstract Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions