Comparison of Different Levels of Vitamin Premix on Meat Lipid Oxidation in Floor and Battery Cage Broiler Raising Systems

A total of 1260 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 7 treatment groups (different levels and access time to vitamin premix (VP)) at 29 to 42 days of age, in floor system (Experiment 1) and battery cage system (Experiment 2). The oxidative stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on the thigh yield that were storage for 180 days in -20˚C. Results of experiment 1 showed that VP reduction and withdrawal from 29 d of age did not impair body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio during the final period of treatments (29-42d).Results of experiment 2 showed that there were no significant differences in the birds’ performance with reduction or withdrawal of VP from diets in 29-35 days among the experimental groups, but in 36-42 days of age, the performance of the group of birds fed with diet without VP (T1) was significantly lower than other groups. The results of experiment 2 showed that the performance of birds fed with diet without VP was significantly lower than other treatments in 36-42 days of age. The results of TBARS values in experiment 1 for thigh meat samples of birds slaughtered at 42 days of age showed that TBARS values of treatments without VP were significantly higher than other treatments. However in experiment 2, TBARS values of treatments without VP and with 33% VP were significantly higher than other treatments for birds slaughtered at 42 days of age. Finally, the results of this study demonstrate firstly that it is not possible to withdraw but it can be possible to reduce VP in finisher broiler's diets without negative effects on performance and meat quality during the time of freezing in both methods of rearing. Secondly, it is possible to reduce the VP levels in diet of broilers reared in floor system more than battery cage system

Increase of hepatic nitric oxide levels in a nutritional model of fatty liver in broiler breeder hens

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a metabolic condition of laying hens characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver and liver hemorrhage. It suggested that oxidative damage to the cellular and organelle membranes of the liver increases the susceptibility of the liver to hemorrhage. However, a local chemical component that may affect the incidence of hemorrhage in liver, by affecting the blood pressure of liver, is nitric oxide. To clarify the effects of high (20 and 40% more than normal) and low (20% less than normal) food intake on plasma and liver oxidative products, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC), and also nitric oxide (NO) in over fed broiler breeder hens, 198 hens (30 weeks old) were fed for 30 days (two 14-day period). Feed intake, body weight (BW), egg production (EP), plasma NO, MDA and CP were measured at the end of each 14-day periods. Food intake did not reduce during 4 weeks of experiment in hens fed with 20 and 40% above their estimated requirement. Increased food intake resulted in increased body weight gain significantly (P < 0.05). Egg production significantly declined in hens provided with C+40% diet (P < 0.05). Liver MDA, NO and PC concentrations were increased in C+40% hens in second period of experiment (P < 0.05). Liver hemorrhage score of hens fed C+40% diet significantly was higher in the second period of the experiment. It was concluded that an increase in liver hemorrhage in over fed broiler breeder can be associated with the oxidative stress components (MDA, PC) and liver NO concentration.Keywords: Fatty liver, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, broiler breederAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(35), pp. 5775-5778, 30 August, 201

Effects of different levels of vitamin premix in finisher diets on performance, immuno - competence and meat lipid oxidation of chickens fed on corn - soybean meal

The present study was carried out to examine the effects of a vitamin premix (VP)reduction or withdrawal from finisher diet (29-43 days) on performance,immuno-competence,and characteristicsof leg bones and meat lipid oxidation of chickens fed oncorn-soybeanmeal based diet. A total of 900 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocatedtofivetreatment groups(0, 33%, 66%, 100% and 133% VP), withninereplicates per treatmentgroup. At 29 and 36 days of ages, four birds from each replicate were injected with sheepredblood cells (SRBC). The cell-mediated immunity was determined via phytohemagglutinin(PHA) and 1-chloro 2-4-dinitrobenzen (DNCB)at 34 and 42 days of ages.At 33, 38 and 43days of age, 42 days of ages, and two birds of each replicate were slaughteredand boneparameters measured. The oxidative stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstances (TBARS) on the thigh samples that were stored for 90 day at-80 ̊C. The resultsshowed that reduction or withdrawal of VP from diets at different time points of the finisherperiod did not affect performance, immunocompetence and characteristics of leg bones.Results of TBARS showed thatlipid peroxidation of the treatment without VP wassignificantly higher than of the other treatments when slaughtered at 43 days of age. Finally,the results of this study demonstrated that it is not possible to reduce the VP in finisherbroilers’ diets without negative effects on meat quality during the time of freezing

Decreasing vitamin premix on chicken carcass composition and blood chemistry in floor and battery cage systems

Two experiments were conducted the to compare the effect of a decreasing amount of vitamin premix in diets inbroilers from 29 to 42 days of age on carcass composition and blood chemistry in floor (Experiment 1) and battery cage (Experiment 2) systems. At 35 and 42 days of ages, one bird of each replicate was slaughtered and carcass composition was measured. Blood concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Ca were used to diagnose vitamin D3 deficiency and enzymes aspartate amino transferase (AST) to identify vitamin E deficiency. Floor raised birds showed that vitamin premix reduction/withdrawal at 29 days of age did not impair body weight (BW), carcass composition, ALP and Ca during the final rearing period. However, diet without vitamin premix (T1) had a higher AST at 42 days of age than the other diets. Birds reared in cages were slightly more sensitive to vitamin premix reduction/withdrawal, probably due to the impracticality of performing coprophagy. Diet without vitamin premix (T1) had a lower BW, carcass breast and thigh yield at 42 days of age; also serum ALP, AST and Ca were impaired. In conclusion, the withdrawal of vitamins is not a reasonable option but it is possible to reduce vitamin premix in finisher broilers’ diets without negative effects on performance and on some metabolic traits during the finisher period with both methods of rearing

Effects of Citric Acid and Microbial Phytase Supplementation on Performance and Phytate Phosphorus Utilization in Broiler Chicks

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of broilers diet with both citric acid and microbial phytase on performance criteria and utilization of phytate phosphorus (P) in broiler chicks from day old to 49d of age. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of 3×2 (0, 2.5 and 5 percentage of citric acid and 0 and 500IU of phytase enzyme per kg). Experimental diets were formulated so that had 0.2% lower available P than positive control diet. Four replicates of 15 chicks per each were fed experimental (6 diet) and positive control diet. Weight gain (WG), feed consumption (FC), alkaline phosphatase activity, plasma Ca and P concentration, tibia ash and liver, spleen and abdominal fat weight and also mortality were measured. Supplementation of low P diet with citric acid significantly improved WG and feed: gain (P<0.05), decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase (P<0.01) and increased plasma P concentration (P<0.01), but had no significant effect on feed intake, tibia ash and plasma Ca concentration. Microbial phytase significantly (P<0.05) improved weight gain and feed: gain in low P diet and also a significant (P<0.01) interaction between citric acid and phytase was observed throughout the experimental period

Comparison of Different Ideal Amino Acid Ratios in Male and Female Broiler Chickens of 21 to 42 Days of Age

An amino acid bioassay was carried out to compare responses of male and female broiler chicks to different ideal amino acid (AA) ratios from 21 to 42d of age. The ideal ratios were used to calculate AA requirements were IICP (Illinois Ideal Chick Protein), NRC (1994), RPAN (Rhone Poulenc Animal Nutrition) and feedstuff AA ratios which were compared with each other and with a positive control diet. Indispensable AAS were rationed to lysine according to requirement ratios in tested profiles, with digestible lysine set at 0.85 and 0.78 for male and female, respectively. Experimental period began at day 21 and lasted in 42d of age. Diets for all profiles contained 3200kcal AMEn/kg, and L-glutamic acid was used to make all diets equal in crude protein at 14.25% of the diet. Chicks fed diets formulated with RPAN had significantly lower weight gain and feed efficiency than IICP, NRC and feedstuff which is probably consequence of high Lys: Leu ratio in this profile. There were no significant differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed: gain among chicks fed IICP, NRC (1994) and feedstuff. Since IICP ratios in the case of all AAS (except Met+Cys in NRC) are lower than or close to the ratios in NRC (1994) and feedstuff, it can be concluded that IICP ideal ratios is sufficient for supporting maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Chicks fed diets which their AA requirements calculated by feedstuff ratios had higher breast meat yield than IICP and NRC (1994) which may be due to higher Lys: Met+Cys ratio in this profile. Results of this experiment suggest that although male and female broiler chicks have different body composition and consequently different AA requirements, but they respond similarly to different ideal AA ratios

Comparison Dietary Nano and Micro Manganese on Broilers Performance

Extended Abstract Chitosan a cationic biopolymer obtained from N-deacetylation of chitin, has excellent features due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and bio adhesion Effects of dietary Manganese loaded chitosan nanoparticle supplementation vs micro particle manganese, on growth, performance, bone characteristics and its manganese content in broilers, were investigated. 304, (1-d-old) Ross 308 mail broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 19 dietary treatments, each group were given a diet having a different concentration of Mn (20mg/ kg, control group;70 mg /kg, 120 mg/kg and 170 mg/kg) , as graded level, from different sources ( Manganese Sulfate, Carbonate and Oxide ) and two scales( Nano and Micro ) for 35d. The treatment replicated 4 times, 4 birds in each. Results indicated that supplemental manganese in both nano and micro scale and from different sources, didn't have any significant effect on growth performance, feed consumption, FCR and body weight gain . Bone length and diameter were measured , using a caliper with an accuracy of 0.001 cm. The wet bone volume (bone volume) was taken by the weight change in the air and water method By the supplementation with manganese, tibia length , tibia volume , tibia breaking strength, and tibia diameter increased significantly (P < 0.01). Also there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) on these parameters between the treatments, supplemented with different sources of manganese . The highest quantity of these parameters were related to nano manganese sulfate and the lowest of these values after the control group were related to the micro manganese oxide. Comparison of dry tibia weight indicated that the bone weight increased significantly (P < 0.001) by diet supplementation with nano Mn instead of micro Mn. Also dietary micro Mn increased tibia weight significantly (P < 0.001) in comparison with basal diet . Manganese from different sources didn't have a significant effect on bone Mn content and bone weight . These may indicate that nano manganese could be a new substitute supplementation with a higher performance in broilers diet

The Effects of a Synbiotic Containing Enterococcus faecium and Inulin on Growth Performance and Resistance to Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens

Coccidiosis is a common infectious disease in poultry, causing major economic losses. The aim of this study was first, to investigate the effects of synbiotic Biomin®IMBO on performance of broilers in normal condition (experiment 1) and secondly, to evaluate the influence of synbiotic on severity of intestinal lesion score and fecal oocyst shedding of the broilers challenged with coccidian (experiment 2).There were four dietary treatments in each experiment; basal diet (control) and basal diet +0.05, 0.1 or 0.15% synbiotic Biomin®IMBO of diet. In experiment 1,400 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 16 pens (25 birds/pen) and were fed regular nonmedicated broiler starter (0-10d), grower (11-28d) and finisher (29-42d) diets. The measured traits were: Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the end of each period. In experiment 2, on 10d, four birds from each pen used in experiment 1 (totally 64 birds) were transformed to battery. On 15d, birds were inoculated esophageally with 5000 oocysts of either Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella. On 6 day after postinoculation, intestinal lesion score and number of oocysts excreted for successive five days were determined.The results showed that BWG was increased significantly (P<0.05) in broilers fed diet containing 0.1 and 0.15% synbiotic, when compared to control group, from 1d to 42d. The presence of synbiotic in diet made significant improvement (P<0.05) in FCR of finisher and total experimental periods. All groups fed diets with synbiotic significantly (P<0.05) shed less oocysts than non-supplementation groups. The lowest lesions score of duodenum and cecum were observed in broiler fed diet with 0.15% synbiotic. In conclusion, it can hypothesize that synbiotic Biomin®IMBO can promote growth and have protective properties against coccidiosis in broiler diets

Determination of Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy of Alfalfa meal for Ostrich via Chromic Oxide Marker and Total Collection Methods

This experiment was conducted to determine the AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of Alfalfa meal for male ostrich at 90 d of age. Experiment was done as a completely randomized design with 5 treatments of 4 replicate and 4 chicks each. Different levels of Alfalfa meal (0, 15, 30 and 40%) were replaced to the basal diet. AME and AMEn were determined via chromic oxid marker and total collection methods. The AME and AMEn of alfalfa meal was 2250±274, 2522±110, 2044±268 and 2366±107 kcal/kg at 40 % of replacement that calculated via chromic oxide marker and total collection excreta respectively. Measurement of TME and TMEn of Alfalfa meal in this experiment calculated by the different levels of feedstuff and were 3165 and 2877 kcal/kg respectively. The result of this experiment showed that using the ME data which calculated via adult leghorn cockerel to formulating the starter diet of ostrich is not suitable and determination of ME via ostrich to using it in the formulation of their diets is necessary