Bivariate Pearson correlations of 2005 state-level CV risk index and risk factor prevalence for adults aged 40–69 y with 2010 cause-specific mortality rates for adults aged 45–74 y.

<p>CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular.</p><p>*p<.05.</p

Interstate Variation in Modifiable Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States

<div><p>Objective</p><p>We investigated the role of state-level differences in modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in contributing to state disparities in cardiovascular mortality rates in the US.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Adults aged 45–74 in 2010 were examined. We constructed a CV risk index summarizing state-level exposure to current smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol abstinence, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and diabetes using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Outcomes were cardiovascular, coronary heart disease, and stroke mortality. Linear regression was used to estimate associations between the CV risk index and mortality outcomes. Models accounted for state-level socioeconomic characteristics and other potential confounders.</p><p>Results</p><p>Risk factors were highly correlated at the state-level (Cronbach's alpha 0.85 (men) and 0.92 (women). Each +1SD difference in the cardiovascular risk index was associated with higher adjusted cardiovascular mortality rates by 41.0 (95%CI = 26.3, 55.7) and 33.3 (95%CI = 24.4, 42.2) deaths per 100,000 for men and women, respectively. The index accounted for 8% (men) and 11% (women) of the variation in state-level cardiovascular mortality. Comparable associations were also observed for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>CV risk factors were highly correlated at the state-level and were independently associated with state CV mortality, suggesting the utility of generalized CV risk reduction.</p></div

Geographical distribution of quintiles of state-level CV risk index among men (panel A) and women (panel B) aged 40–69 y in 2005 in the US.

<p>The CV risk index is a composite measure computed from principal components analysis of state-level risk factor prevalence data.</p

Social network vocabulary.

<p>Social network vocabulary.</p

Estimated differences in cause-specific state mortality rates in 2010 for US adults aged 45–74 associated with each standard deviation in state CV risk index.

<p>CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular; SD, standard deviation.</p><p>Notes: Unadjusted and adjusted associations were modeled using linear regression; mortality rates were per 100,000, age and sex standardized to the 2010 population. The unadjusted model included only the state CV risk index. The adjusted model included the following state-level variables in addition to the CV risk index: median income in 2010, mean percent of population living under the poverty line in 2004, mean county-level proportion Hispanic, mean county-level proportion black, proportion of counties in which >65% of residents aged 25–64 years neither received a high school diploma nor GED in 2000, proportion of counties in which <65% of residents aged 25–64 years were employed in 2000, proportion insured in 2005, and mean county-level number of medical specialists per 100,000. The semi-partial R² for the CV risk index is reported for adjusted models. The semi-partial R² for the CV risk index is reported for adjusted models.</p

State-level CV risk index and risk factor prevalence for adults aged 40–69 y in 2005 and mortality rates aged 45–74 y in 2010 in the 50 US states and DC.

<p>CV, cardiovascular; RSD, relative standard deviation (100× standard deviation/mean).</p><p>Notes: Mortality rates are based on 2010 vital statistics data, and risk factor prevalence is based on 2005 BRFSS data. Mortality rates and risk factor prevalences were age- and sex- standardized to the 2010 US population. Because the CV risk index has a mean of 0, its RSD is undefined.</p

Survey domains and underlying network concept.

<p>Survey domains and underlying network concept.</p

Composition of ego-nominated networks by proportion of tie type among all nominated ties.

<p>Composition of ego-nominated networks by proportion of tie type among all nominated ties.</p

Exemplary dyadic features of ties reported by respondents in New Delhi, India.

<p>Exemplary dyadic features of ties reported by respondents in New Delhi, India.</p

Porvoon poliisiaseman kenttämiehistön ensiapuvalmiudet : Porvoon kenttämiehistön käytännön ensiapukokemuksia ja kehittämisehdotuksia työssä saatavaan ensiapukoulutukseen

Tässä opinnäytetyössä käsitellään poliisin ensiapuvalmiuksia Porvoon valvonta- ja hälytyssektorin kenttämiehistön näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää Porvoon poliisiaseman kenttämiehistön ensiapuosaamisen taso ja lisäksi koota yhteen kehittämisehdotuksia työelämässä saatavan ensiapukoulutuksen kehittämistä varten. Ensiapuosaaminen on yksi tärkeä osa poliisin ammattitaitoa. Poliisin ensiapuvalmiuksien ylläpitoa säätelee työturvallisuuslaki, Poliisihallituksen ohje, sekä Suomen Punaisen Ristin määrittelemät standardivaatimukset. Ensiapukoulutukset ja -harjoitukset alkavat Poliisiammattikorkeakoulussa ja jatkuvat työelämässä poliisilaitoksesta riippumatta. Tutkimuksen aineistoa on kerätty lainsäädännöstä, Poliisihallituksen ohjeesta, sekä SPR:n ensiapuohjeista. Tutkimuskysymysten analysointia ja pohdintaa varten on haastateltu Itä-Uudenmaan poliisilaitoksen henkilöstöä. Tiedonhankintaa varten on haastateltu Itä-Uudenmaan poliisilaitokselle ensiapukoulutuksia järjestävän Aimo Group Oy:n toimitusjohtajaa Mikko Kajalaa. Haastatteluista saatujen tietojen perusteella voidaan päätellä, että Porvoon kenttämiehistö kaipaa enemmän ensiapuasioiden harjoittelua työelämään. Kenttämiehistö toivoo lisää poliisin käytössä olevien ensiapuvälineiden käytännön harjoittelua, sekä tiheämmin suoritettavia kertausharjoituksia poliisin työssä vaadittavien ensiaputaitojen ylläpitämiseksi. Pääsääntöisesti ensiapukoulutusten sisältöihin ollaan tyytyväisiä, mutta harjoitusten määrää toivotaan nostettavan