140 research outputs found
Methodical approaches to bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups
This article describes the method development approaches for bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups and forming unstable metabolites using the example of mycophenolic acid, methyldopa and mebeverine metabolite
Formation of "Lightnings" in a Neutron Star Magnetosphere and the Nature of RRATs
The connection between the radio emission from "lightnings" produced by the
absorption of high-energy photons from the cosmic gamma-ray background in a
neutron star magnetosphere and radio bursts from rotating radio transients
(RRATs) is investigated. The lightning length reaches 1000 km; the lightning
radius is 100 m and is comparable to the polar cap radius. If a closed
magnetosphere is filled with a dense plasma, then lightnings are efficiently
formed only in the region of open magnetic field lines. For the radio emission
from a separate lightning to be observed, the polar cap of the neutron star
must be directed toward the observer and, at the same time, the lightning must
be formed. The maximum burst rate is related to the time of the plasma outflow
from the polar cap region. The typical interval between two consecutive bursts
is ~100 s. The width of a single radio burst can be determined both by the
width of the emission cone formed by the lightning emitting regions at some
height above the neutron star surface and by a finite lightning lifetime. The
width of the phase distribution for radio bursts from RRATs, along with the
integrated pulse width, is determined by the width of the bundle of open
magnetic field lines at the formation height of the radio emission. The results
obtained are consistent with the currently available data and are indicative of
a close connection between RRATs, intermittent pulsars, and extreme nullers.Comment: 24 pages, no figures, references update
Исследование развития зарубежных железнодорожных компаний с применением патентного и библиометрического анализа
The modern stage of economic development is intricately linked with accelerated pace of advancement in technology and hence introduces into basic corporate agenda the need to regularly benchmark best competitive practices. Considering highly competitive environment usual tools and metrics do not allow to reveal promising directions of innovative development, whose implementation will help in building new competitive advantages with similar companies. To reveal early signs, revealing emerging directions of innovative development, promising technology and decisions, global practices implement tools and instruments of patent and bibliometric search, allowing to assess current corporate practices in the field of both fundamental and applied research. The article presents the results of a research on activity of leading world railway companies in the field of technological and scientific research, and of priority directions of innovative development, obtained using tools of patent and bibliometric analysis. The research also described the dynamics and the structure of publications and patent applications in the railway sector, the differences in the structure of cooperative links of leading railway companies regarding publication and research activity. The article also studied structuring of patent and publication activity of some companies, showing priority directions of technological and scientific efforts.Современный этап развития экономики сопряжён с ускоренными темпами технологического развития, что формирует у компаний в качестве базовой повестки необходимость проведения регулярного бенчмаркинга лучших практик среди конкурентов. Однако, учитывая условия высококонкурентной среды, традиционные инструменты и метрики не позволяют выявлять перспективные направления инновационного развития, реализация которых в будущем может сформировать новые конкурентные преимущества у компаний- аналогов.В целях выявления «ранних сигналов» – формирующихся направлений инновационного развития, перспективных технологий и решений – в мировой практике активно применяются инструменты патентного и библиометрического анализа, позволяющие оценивать текущую практику компаний как в области фундаментальных, так и прикладных исследований.В данной статье представлены результаты исследования деятельности ведущих зарубежных железнодорожных компаний в области организации научно- технологических изысканий и приоритетных направлений инновационного развития, полученные с применением инструментов патентного и библиометрического анализа. В статье описываются динамика и структура публикаций и патентных заявок железнодорожной отрасли. Также в статье описываются различия в структуре кооперационных связей ведущих железнодорожных компаний в части организации публикационной и исследовательской деятельности.В статье также рассмотрены структуры патентной и публикационной деятельности отдельных компаний, демонстрирующие их приоритетные направления организации научнотехнологи ческой деятельности
Region of Excessive Flux of PeV Cosmic Rays in the Direction Toward Pulsars PSR J1840+5640 and LAT PSR J1836+5925
An analysis of arrival directions of extensive air showers (EAS) registered
with the EAS MSU and EAS-1000 prototype arrays has revealed a region of
excessive flux of PeV cosmic rays in the direction toward pulsars PSR
J1840+5640 and LAT PSR J1836+5925 at significance level up to 4.5sigma. The
first of the pulsars was discovered almost 30 years ago and is a well-studied
old radio pulsar located at the distance of 1.7pc from the Solar system. The
second pulsar belongs to a new type of pulsars, discovered by the space
gamma-ray observatory Fermi, pulsations of which are not observed in optical
and radio wavelengths but only in the gamma-ray range of energies
(gamma-ray-only pulsars). In our opinion, the existence of the region of
excessive flux of cosmic rays registered with two different arrays provides a
strong evidence that isolated pulsars can give a noticeable contribution to the
flux of Galactic cosmic rays in the PeV energy range.Comment: 14 pages; v.2: a few remarks to match a version accepted for
Astronomy Letters added. They can be found by redefining the \NEW command in
the preamble of the LaTeX fil
APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF UNSTABLE SUBSTANCES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
The approaches to bioanalytical method development for determination of substances which contain unstable functional groups in the structure are described. The oxidation and the hydrolysis are main causes of the decomposition of substances in biological fluids. Phenolic hydroxyls contain drugs were selected as examples of oxidable compounds, glucuronides of drugs were selected as examples of hydrolysable compounds. Determination of mycophenolic acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and metabolized by formation of glucuronides, in plasma was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometry and tandem mass-spectrometry detection. Methyldopa, which contains two phenolic hydroxyls, in stabilized plasma was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass-spectrometry in the range of 0.02–3.00 μg/ml. Concentrations of desmethyl mebeverine acid, which contains in the structure one phenolic hydroxyl and metabolized by formation of phenolic glucuronide, was measured simultaneously with mebeverine acid in the range of 10–2000 ng/ml. The influence of the ion source conversion of glucuronides on the quantitative determination of the substances was studied in the initial part of methods development. The next, selection of anticoagulants based on the study of short-term stability and freeze/thaw stability of the analytes and back conversion of their glucuronides was performed. The combination of anticoagulant K3EDTA and the antioxidant solution containing a mixture of ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite and sodium hydrogen carbonate in the concentrations of 5.0 %, 0.2 % and 2.4 %, respectively, was used to prevent degradation of methyldopa
DANSSino: a pilot version of the DANSS neutrino detector
DANSSino is a reduced pilot version of a solid-state detector of reactor
antineutrinos (to be created within the DANSS project and installed under the
industrial 3 GW(th) reactor of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant -- KNPP).
Numerous tests performed at a distance of 11 m from the reactor core
demonstrate operability of the chosen design and reveal the main sources of the
background. In spite of its small size (20x20x100 ccm), the pilot detector
turned out to be quite sensitive to reactor antineutrinos, detecting about 70
IBD events per day with the signal-to-background ratio about unity.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text
overlap with arXiv:1304.369
Compton Scattering in Ultra-Strong Magnetic Fields: Numerical and Analytical Behavior in the Relativistic Regime
This paper explores the effects of strong magnetic fields on the Compton
scattering of relativistic electrons. Recent studies of upscattering and energy
loss by relativistic electrons that have used the non-relativistic, magnetic
Thomson cross section for resonant scattering or the Klein-Nishina cross
section for non-resonant scattering do not account for the relativistic quantum
effects of strong fields ( G). We have derived a
simplified expression for the exact QED scattering cross section for the
broadly-applicable case where relativistic electrons move along the magnetic
field. To facilitate applications to astrophysical models, we have also
developed compact approximate expressions for both the differential and total
polarization-dependent cross sections, with the latter representing well the
exact total QED cross section even at the high fields believed to be present in
environments near the stellar surfaces of Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters and
Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars. We find that strong magnetic fields significantly
lower the Compton scattering cross section below and at the resonance, when the
incident photon energy exceeds in the electron rest frame. The cross
section is strongly dependent on the polarization of the final scattered
photon. Below the cyclotron fundamental, mostly photons of perpendicular
polarization are produced in scatterings, a situation that also arises above
this resonance for sub-critical fields. However, an interesting discovery is
that for super-critical fields, a preponderance of photons of parallel
polarization results from scatterings above the cyclotron fundamental. This
characteristic is both a relativistic and magnetic effect not present in the
Thomson or Klein-Nishina limits.Comment: AASTeX format, 31 pages included 7 embedded figures, accepted for
publication in The Astrophysical Journa
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