Prediction of Biological Functions on Glycosylation Site Migrations in Human Influenza H1N1 Viruses

Protein glycosylation alteration is typically employed by various viruses for escaping immune pressures from their hosts. Our previous work had shown that not only the increase of glycosylation sites (glycosites) numbers, but also glycosite migration might be involved in the evolution of human seasonal influenza H1N1 viruses. More importantly, glycosite migration was likely a more effectively alteration way for the host adaption of human influenza H1N1 viruses. In this study, we provided more bioinformatics and statistic evidences for further predicting the significant biological functions of glycosite migration in the host adaptation of human influenza H1N1 viruses, by employing homology modeling and in silico protein glycosylation of representative HA and NA proteins as well as amino acid variability analysis at antigenic sites of HA and NA. The results showed that glycosite migrations in human influenza viruses have at least five possible functions: to more effectively mask the antigenic sites, to more effectively protect the enzymatic cleavage sites of neuraminidase (NA), to stabilize the polymeric structures, to regulate the receptor binding and catalytic activities and to balance the binding activity of hemagglutinin (HA) with the release activity of NA. The information here can provide some constructive suggestions for the function research related to protein glycosylation of influenza viruses, although these predictions still need to be supported by experimental data

Full Mechanized Production Technology for Double-Low Rapeseed in Xianning City

This paper standardizes the operation of rapeseed production including variety choosing, field preparation, mechanical seeding, field management, mechanical harvesting etc., to realize full mechanization of rapeseed production. The key technologies: the optimum sowing date was from mid-September to mid-October in rapeseed-rice (corn) double cropping system region, and from mid-October to late October in rapeseed-rice-rice triple-cropping region; seeding rate was 4.5 kg/ha—6.0 kg/ha; the optimum density was 450000-750000 plants per ha; 150-240 kg N fertilizer, 60-90 kg P2O5 fertilizer, 90-135 kg K2O fertilizer and 7.5-15 kg B fertilizer were used per ha, 50% of N fertilizer and the rest of fertilizer were used as basal fertilizer; segmented harvesting was done when 70%-80% of siliques per plant was yellow and combined harvesting was done when more than 90% of siliques per plant was yellow or brown

Synthesis and Structure of Bull’s Horn-Shaped Oligothienoacene with Seven Fused Thiophene Rings

A novel bull’s horn-shaped oligothienoacene with seven fused thiophene rings (<b>1</b>) based on dithieno­[2,3-<i>b</i>:2′,3′-<i>d</i>]­thiophene (<b>2</b>) was efficiently synthesized. X-ray diffraction data indicate that <b>1</b> possesses an extraordinary compressed sandwich-herringbone arrangement and shows strong intermolecular S···C and S···S interactions. In addition, the UV/vis properties, theoretical calculations, and cyclic voltammetry behaviors of <b>1</b> are also described

In Situ TEM Observations on the Sulfur-Assisted Catalytic Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The effect of sulfur on the catalytic nucleation and growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from an iron catalyst was investigated in situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalyst precursor of ferrocene and growth promoter of sulfur were selectively loaded inside of the hollow core of multiwall CNTs with open ends, which served as a nanoreactor powered by applying a voltage inside of the chamber of a TEM. It was found that a SWCNT nucleated and grew perpendicularly from a region of the catalyst nanoparticle surface, instead of the normal tangential growth that occurs with no sulfur addition. Our in situ TEM observation combined with CVD growth studies suggests that sulfur functions to promote the nucleation and growth of SWCNTs by forming inhomogeneous local active sites and modifying the interface bonding between catalysts and precipitated graphitic layers, so that carbon caps can be lifted off from the catalyst particle

In Situ TEM Observations on the Sulfur-Assisted Catalytic Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The effect of sulfur on the catalytic nucleation and growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from an iron catalyst was investigated in situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalyst precursor of ferrocene and growth promoter of sulfur were selectively loaded inside of the hollow core of multiwall CNTs with open ends, which served as a nanoreactor powered by applying a voltage inside of the chamber of a TEM. It was found that a SWCNT nucleated and grew perpendicularly from a region of the catalyst nanoparticle surface, instead of the normal tangential growth that occurs with no sulfur addition. Our in situ TEM observation combined with CVD growth studies suggests that sulfur functions to promote the nucleation and growth of SWCNTs by forming inhomogeneous local active sites and modifying the interface bonding between catalysts and precipitated graphitic layers, so that carbon caps can be lifted off from the catalyst particle