A generalization of uniserial modules and rings

We introduce and study a nontrivial generalization of uniserial modules and rings. A module is called weakly uniserial if its submodules are comparable regarding embedding. Also, a right (resp., left) weakly uniserial ring is a ring which is weakly uniserial as a right (resp., left) module over itself. In this paper, in addition to providing the properties of weakly uniserial modules and rings, we show that every right R-module is weakly uniserial if and only if every 2-generated right R-module is weakly uniserial, if and only if R is a simple Artinian ring. Then it is determined which torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 are weakly uniserial. Finally, when R is a commutative principal ideal domain, the structure of finitely generated weakly uniserial R-modules are completely determined.Comment: 22 Page

Rigorous performance assessment of the algorithms for resolving motor unit action potential superpositions

It is necessary to decompose the intra-muscular EMG signal to extract motor unit action potential (MUAP) waveforms and firing times. Some algorithms were proposed in the literature to resolve superimposed MUAPs, including Peel-Off (PO), branch and bound (BB), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). This study aimed to compare these algorithms in terms of overall accuracy and running time. Two sets of two-to-five MUAP templates (set1: a wide range of energies, and set2: a high degree of similarity) were used. Such templates were time-shifted, and white Gaussian noise was added. A total of 1000 superpositions were simulated for each template and were resolved using PO (also, POI: interpolated PO), BB, GA, and PSO algorithms. The generalized estimating equation was used to identify which method significantly outperformed, while the overall rank product was used for overall ranking. The rankings were PSO, BB, GA, PO, and POI in the first, and BB, PSO, GA, PO, POI in the second set. The overall ranking was BB, PSO, GA, PO, and POI in the entire dataset. Although the BB algorithm is generally fast, there are cases where the BB algorithm is too slow and it is thus not suitable for real-time applications.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness - Spain (DPI2017-83989-R).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Sustainable Management of Saravan Sylvan Park Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming

T he present study sustainable management of Guilan Saravan Sylvan Park was planned. The used method in the form of decision support model in three10-year period was studied for parks of various states and with considering the economic, ecological and social criteria during the years 2008 to 2038. By using hierarchical fuzzy analysis method, the reaching to an optimal level of economic, ecological and social simultaneously and as their combined utility values in various periods, decisions and different states of park is obtained. The results showed that in order to reach to an optimal level of purposes simultaneously, at the beginning of the first 10-year period implementation of ecological decision, at the beginning of the second 10 years period in three considered states for the Sylvan Park implementation of social, ecological and ecological decisions give the most combined utility value of purposes respectively. Results of stochastic dynamic programming showed that implementing the ecological decisions at the beginning of the first 10-year period, implementing the ecological decision by considering the second designed state of park at the beginning of the second 10-year period, and by applying the first designed state of park at the beginning of third 10-year-old period, the implementation of social decisions is desirable to achieve sustainable management in Saravan Sylvan Park. According to the findings, the implementation of these determined decisions can be useful and maximum of desirable use from Park potentials in the economic, social - recreational and conservation and sustainability of indigenous species problems, and reposit the park to the next generation with the best condition

A Study of the Relationship of Outlook and Practical Pledge to Prayers and Spiritual Experiences with Mental Health of Girl Students of University of Tehran

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: The implementation of religious orders and practices is one of the ways to save and relieve people from troubles, discomforts and stresses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of outlook and practical pledge to prayer and spiritual experiences with mental health of girl students of University of Tehran.Methods: The present study is descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all female students of University of Tehran and the sample population consisted of 150 participants selected by random cluster sampling. The instruments used for data collection included practical attitude and practice of prayer questionnaire, daily spiritual experiences and general health of Goldberg GHQ-28. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression were used. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Results: The results showed that prayer's effectiveness in individual and social life with an r value of -0.251, attention and practice to the needy with an r value of -0.507, commitment and serious efforts to perform prayers with a value of -0.373, care and presence of the heart in prayer with the value of -0/251 and the total score of practical commitment to prayer with a value of -0/401 had a negative and inverse relationship with mental health (P<0/05). Also, the sense of presence of God with the value of -0/498, the relationship with God with the value of -/0325, the sense of responsibility towards others with the value of -0/259 and spiritual experiences with the value of -/0474 was negatively and inversely correlated with mental health significant (P<0/05). In other words, there was a significant and negative correlation between the components of spiritual experiences and mental health.Conclusion: Practical commitment to prayers plays an essential role in individuals’ mental health and well-being. Also, religion has a mental health supportive function. Spiritual experiences contribute to prevention of mental illnesses and facilitate the management of illnesses as well as the recovery process.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Shirzadi Z, Khodabakhshi-Koolaee A, Falsafinejad MR. A Study of the Relationship of Outlook and Practical Pledge to Prayers and Spiritual Experiences with Mental Health of Girl Students of University of Tehran. Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020; 5(4): 99-113.  https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v5i4.2223

Acute and critical care for rabies bitten patients and the different outcomes in a Family: A Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Failure report

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that spread via infected animal saliva. Rabies virus belongs to Lyssavirus genus (Rhabdoviridae family) and the disease is endemic in Iran. The disease causes a fatal encephalomyelitis by infecting the nervous system. Dogs are the most common source of human rabies cases. In this presentation, we had a 58-year-old man who had a dog bitten history on his face and hands with his other two family members with the same dog at the same time. They received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) as soon as possible (from day 0). Eighteen days after bitten the man hospitalized and died of rabies three days after hospitalization. Other two relatives were healthy without any rabies symptom. The man was an Iranian veteran with residual body insults during the attacks of chemical warfare from the combat front. Obtained data in this study suggested that the direct inoculation of the virus to the nerve and immune system inability in virus clearing system were possible etiologies of PEP failure in the reported case. Keywords: Rabies Virus, Immunoglobulin, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), Immunosuppressio

The Incidence and Geographical Distribution of Brucellosis in Iran Using Geographic Information System and Prediction of its Incidence in 2021

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most challenging health issues in many developing countries including Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and geographical distribution of brucellosis using Geographic Information System (GIS) and to predict its incidence in Iran in 2021. Method: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, which contains spatial and climatic information along with the prevalence rate of brucellosis in Iran. Disease information was obtained from the National Center for Infectious Diseases Management during 2011-2015. Then, Arc GIS version 9.3 was used to plot the geographical maps for the incidence and frequency of the disease. Using the Raster calculator tool, the disease prediction map for the future was plotted. For proper spatial distribution of hot and cold spots, Getis-Ord-Gi statistic was employed. Results: The highest incidence of brucellosis during 2009-2015 was observed in the western provinces of Iran (North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces). The incidence of brucellosis in Iran decreased from 2009 to 2011 but it exhibited an increasing trend from 2011 to 2014. The provinces of Kurdistan, Lorestan, Ilam, Zanjan and Kermanshah may be among the hot spots in terms of brucellosis incidence in 2021. Conclusion: We predicted significant variations in brucellosis risk distribution in Iran in the coming years. In the western and northwestern provinces, which are among the high risk areas for the incidence of this disease in the future, this disease can pose a serious health threat to the residents of these areas

A Feasibility Study on Using the Facilities of Health Centers for Developing a Laboratory Network on Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an ancient endemic disease in Iran and continues to be a growing health threat to community development and the environment. This paper explains how to use the facilities of health centers for developing a laboratory network on vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Methods: A literature search was performed of the relevant multiple databases to include studies on vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. A team of experienced experts was performed. After holding several meetings, field visits and organizing workshops, the activities of laboratories were determined at three levels. Results: Entomological studies showed that 5 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 10 species of the genus Sergentomyia are active in the south, 4 species of the genus Phlebotomus and one species of the genus Sergentomyia in the central part and 5 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 2 species of the genus Sergentomyia in the north east. Reservoir hosts were identified in the study areas. The tasks of laboratories were regulated at different levels. Conclusion: The Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education should prioritize the employment of capable persons in the field of Medical Entomology and Vector Control. The survival of this laboratory network depends on hiring and employing interested and persistent people. The universities of Medical Sciences that have the facilities to set up this network will be a very effective partner in the control of the disease in high risk areas. The results can be used in neighboring countries.Fil: Reza Yaghoobi Ershadi, Mohammad. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Akhavan, Amir Ahmad. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Reza Shirzadi, Mohammad. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education; IránFil: Zohreh Hosseini, Seyedeh. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Salomón, Oscar Daniel. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Tucumán; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Hanafi Bojd, Ahmad Ali. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Rassi, Yavar. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Irá

Estimation of Electrical Parameters of the Induction Machine Steady State Model Using Nameplate Data and Hunger Game Search Algorithm

In this paper, the Hunger Games Search (HGS) optimization algorithm is used to estimate the electrical parameters of the induction machine steady state model. Induction machine nameplate data is used as input to the proposed algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing the output characteristics obtained by estimating the motor parameters including torque, current and power factor in the steady state model of the induction machine with the values provided by the manufacturer. In addition, by evaluating and comparing the results of the proposed method with the results of previous research, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is a very effective and accurate method for the acceptable estimation of induction machine parameters

A Feasibility Study on Using the Facilities of Health Centers for Developing a Laboratory Network on Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an ancient endemic disease in Iran and continues to be a growing health threat to community development and the environment. This paper explains how to use the facilities of health centers for developing a laboratory network on vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Methods: A literature search was performed of the relevant multiple databases to include studies on vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. A team of experienced experts was performed. After holding several meetings, field visits and organizing workshops, the activities of laboratories were determined at three levels. Results: Entomological studies showed that 5 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 10 species of the genus Sergentomyia are active in the south, 4 species of the genus Phlebotomus and one species of the genus Sergentomyia in the central part and 5 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 2 species of the genus Sergentomyia in the north east. Reservoir hosts were identified in the study areas. The tasks of laboratories were regulated at different levels. Conclusion: The Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education should prioritize the employment of capable persons in the field of Medical Entomology and Vector Control. The survival of this laboratory network depends on hiring and employing interested and persistent people. The universities of Medical Sciences that have the facilities to set up this network will be a very effective partner in the control of the disease in high risk areas. The results can be used in neighboring countries.Fil: Reza Yaghoobi Ershadi, Mohammad. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Akhavan, Amir Ahmad. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Reza Shirzadi, Mohammad. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education; IránFil: Zohreh Hosseini, Seyedeh. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Salomón, Oscar Daniel. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Tucumán; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Hanafi Bojd, Ahmad Ali. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IránFil: Rassi, Yavar. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Irá

Investigating Possible Etiologies of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Failure and Deaths From Rabies Infection: Case Reports

Rabies virus, as a neurotropic agent, is transmitted to humans usually after animal biting. Rabiesis endemic in most Middle Eastern countries. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) program isrecommended for high-risk populations in endemic areas. The present study reported 7 deathsfrom rabies infection despite human Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and the evolutionof their possible etiologies from 2014 to 2018 in Iran. In this study, 29 rabid human deathswere evaluated despite PEP in 2014-2018. Seven people deceased despite receiving PEP. Themost damaged organs were hands and face (71.43%). Injecting anti-Rabies Immunoglobulin(RIG) around the wound, improper cleansing, and delayed PEP were the main causes of PEPfailure. In addition, immunodeficiency in a patient was another cause of failure. Our obtaineddata suggested that immediate precise measures after exposure based on the World HealthOrganization (WHO) recommendation, maintaining the temperature integrity (cold chain) ofvaccines, and RIGs during transportation, and performing detailed injection schedule couldprevent PEP failure in most cases. Furthermore, society’s awareness plays a key role incontrolling the disease, especially in endemic areas