The influence of drink temperature on thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise in a moderate environment

10.1080/02640410600959947Journal of Sports Sciences259975 - 985JSSC

Response: Cold fluids improve exercise performance in the heat by slowing the rate of heat gain

10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181aa275dMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise4181683 - 1684MSCS

The influence of serial feeding of drinks at different temperatures on thermoregulatory responses during cycling

10.1080/02640410701697388Journal of Sports Sciences266583 - 590JSSC

Cold drink ingestion improves exercise endurance capacity in the heat

10.1249/MSS.0b013e318178465dMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise4091637 - 1644MSCS

Effects of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men

10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.001Nutrition244340 - 347NUTR

Hydration and sweating responses to hot-weather football competition

PubMedID: 21029200During a football match played in warm (34.3 ± 0.6 °C), humid (64 ± 2% rh) conditions, 22 male players had their pre-match hydration status, body mass change, sweat loss and drinking behavior assessed. Pre-match urine specific gravity (1.012 ± 0.006) suggested that all but three players commenced the match euhydrated. Players lost 3.1 ± 0.6 L of sweat and 45 ± 9 mmol of sodium during the 90-min match and replaced 55 ± 19% of their sweat losses and hence by the end of the game were 2.2 ± 0.9% lighter. The water volume consumed during the game was highly variable (1653 ± 487 mL; 741-2387 mL) but there was a stronger relationship between the estimated pre-game hydration status and water volume consumed, than between sweat rate and water volume consumed. In a second match, with the same players 2 weeks later in 34.4 ± 0.6 °C, 65 ± 3% rh, 11 players had a sports drink available to them before and during the match in addition to water. Total drink volume consumed during the match was the same, but approximately half the volume was consumed as sports drink. The results indicate that substantial sweat water and electrolyte losses can occur during match play in hot conditions and a substantial water and sodium deficit can occur in many players even when water or sports drink is freely available. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Living, training and playing in the heat: Challenges to the football player and strategies for coping with environmental extremes

PubMedID: 21029198Dehydration and hyperthermia both, if sufficiently severe, will impair exercise performance. Dehydration can also impair performance of tasks requiring cognition and skill. Body temperature may exceed 40 °C in competitive games played in hot weather, but limited data are available. Football played in the heat, therefore, poses a challenge, and effects on some aspects of performance become apparent as environmental temperature increases above about 12-15 °C. Prior acclimatization will reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures but provides limited protection when humidity is also high. Ingestion of fluids is effective in limiting the detrimental effects on performance: drinks with added carbohydrate and electrolytes are generally more effective than plain water and drinks may be more effective if taken cold than if taken at ambient temperature. Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S