23 research outputs found

    Genetic and ecological variability of Stylosanthes macrocephala determined by RAPD markers and GIS

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    Stylosanthes macrocephala M. B. Ferr. et S. Costa é uma leguminosa utilizada sob consorciação em pastagens, adubação e recuperação de áreas degradadas. A falta de características morfológicas e agronômicas estáveis e de informações ecogeográficas dos locais de coleta dos acessos tem dificultado o melhoramento genético da espécie. A fim de obter descritores ecológicos, moleculares e avaliar a variabilidade genética da coleção de S. macrocephala, 87 acessos foram analisados com o auxílio do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e de marcadores moleculares RAPD. Os acessos provieram de sete Estados, cinco bacias hidrográficas, sete tipos de vegetação e sete tipos de solos. As altitudes dos locais de coleta variaram de 1 a 1.298 m e a pluviometria anual média de 550 a 2.870 mm. A variabilidade de descritores ecológicos sugeriu diversidade adaptativa na coleção. Com base em 161 marcadores RAPD, verificou-se que as distâncias genéticas entre os acessos de S. macrocephala variaram entre 0,02 e 0,42. Com base nessas distâncias, dez grupos de similaridade genética foram estabelecidos. Observou-se tendência de separação por bacias hidrográficas e elevada variabilidade genética entre os acessos coletados nos estados da Bahia e de Minas Gerais. A alta variabilidade genética da coleção de S. macrocephala evidencia a importância desses acessos para futuros trabalhos de melhoramento genético.Stylosanthes macrocephala M. B. Ferr et S. Costa is a leguminous species used as forage, cover crop and as a pioneer plant to recover degraded areas. Inexistence of stable morphological descriptors and lack of ecogeographic information about collecting sites bring difficulties to the studies of this species. The objective of this work was to use the geographic information system (GIS) and RAPD markers to obtain ecological and molecular descriptors and to study the genetic variability of 87 S. macrocephala accessions. The accessions were collected from different ecogeographical areas in seven Brazilian States, five hydrographic regions, seven vegetation types and seven soil types. Collecting sites ranged from 1 to 1,298 m above sea level with annual rainfall from 550 to 2,870 mm. Accession distribution along those diverse ecosystems indicate high adaptive diversity. Using 161 RAPD markers, genetic distances between accessions ranged from 0.02 to 0.42. These genetic distances allowed the establishment of ten genetic groups. Accessions collected in specific hydrographic region tended to be grouped in the same genetic group. Accessions collected in Bahia and Minas Gerais States showed high genetic variability. The high genetic variability observed in the accessions showed the importance of this S. macrocephala collection for breeding programs

    Qualidade do preparo do solo utilizando grade pesada / Quality in the mechanized harvesting corn sown at different speeds

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    O preparo convencional do solo ainda é um procedimento comum na agricultura brasileira e, este contexto, o uso de grades pesadas é utilizado por diversos produtores. Assim, o conhecimento da variabilidade dos parâmetros de desempenho desta operação pode ser útil para que se possa obter melhor qualidade do processo. Desta forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a qualidade operacional do preparo do solo realizado por meio de uma grade pesadas utilizando-se ferramentas do controle estatístico de processo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Sinop – MT, em solo de textura argilosa e apresentando teor de água no solo igual a 25,74%. A avaliação da qualidade operacional foi obtida tomando-se 33 pontos amostrais em intervalos e 1,5 minutos, utilizando-se como indicadores de qualidade da operação a rotação do motor, o consumo horário, específico e operacional, força e potência na barra de tração e consumo energético por unidade de área trabalhada. Os indicadores de qualidade relacionados ao consumo de combustível, exceto o consumo específico, apresentaram padrão de agrupamento dos dados, enquanto que os indicadores relacionados à força de tração apresentaram agrupamento e tendência. Com base nos indicadores avaliados, o processo foi considerado instável, resultando em uma operação de baixa qualidade

    Mapping weed spatial variability using precision farming tools.

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    Tradicionalmente o manejo das plantas daninhas é realizado levando-se em consideração a infestação média destas plantas nas áreas agrícolas; sendo então adotadas estratégias de manejo de forma homogênea em toda a área. Porém, as plantas daninhas não se distribuem uniformemente, sendo comum o comportamento contagioso, formando manchas ou "reboleiras". No entanto, a localização e mapeamento de diferentes infestações são tarefas difíceis de serem executadas em larga escala e requerem metodologias adequadas. Desta forma, métodos de determinação dessa variabilidade espacial necessitam de melhores esclarecimentos e estudos científicos. Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento da variabilidade espacial das plantas daninhas e seu respectivo banco de sementes com a utilização de ferramentas da agricultura de precisão, foram realizados quatro experimentos para avaliar esta variabilidade espacial e temporal e analisar a potencialidade que a mesma pode proporcionar para o manejo racional das plantas daninhas, principalmente a possibilidade da aplicação localizada de herbicidas. O primeiro experimento consistiu do mapeamento do banco de sementes ao longo de dois anos consecutivos no intuito de comparar sua variabilidade espacial com a flora emergente. Concluiu-se que existe uma correlação entre o banco de sementes e a flora emergente e entre bancos de sementes de anos consecutivos, principalmente para as plantas daninhas Ageratum conyzoides L. e Commelina benghalensis L.. Analisando a dependência espacial, foi detectada uma dependência entre 7 e 15 m para o banco de sementes e a flora emergente. Os mapas gerados mostraram uma grande variabilidade espacial das plantas daninhas, sendo observadas algumas tendências de estabilidade ao longo do tempo. No segundo experimento foram feitos dois mapeamentos da infestação da planta Panicum maximum Jacq., um durante a colheita da cultura de milho e outro após a colheita, para fins de aferição do método de mapeamento realizado durante a colheita. Foi constatada uma subestimação de 6% da área infestada pelo método de mapeamento durante a colheita, quando este foi comparado com o caminhamento numa grade regular após a colheita. Os dois métodos foram coincidentes em 45% das áreas marcadas. O terceiro experimento consistiu de uma avaliação da eficácia da aplicação localizada de herbicidas pós-emergentes na cultura da soja, baseada em mapas de infestação das plantas daninhas. Para isto foi feito uma amostragem numa grade de 6 x 6 m e, baseado na infestação em cada célula, foi pulverizado duas doses de herbicidas pós-emergentes dependendo da infestação de cada local. Foi obtida uma economia de produto da ordem de 18 e 44%, sendo a eficácia similar à aplicação convencional utilizando dose única e pulverização uniforme em área total. No quarto experimento foi realizada uma pulverização localizada de herbicida pré-emergente baseada no mapeamento prévio do banco de sementes das plantas daninhas; sendo verificado uma eficácia igual à convencional e uma economia de 22% de produto herbicida. Portanto, técnicas de mapeamento da variabilidade espacial das plantas daninhas são importantes ferramentas para que melhores decisões sejam tomadas dentro dos sistemas de produção agrícola, sendo de extrema urgência um maior conhecimento e embasamento técnico-científico de técnicas agronômicas que considerem esta variabilidade espacial.Traditionally the weed management has been done considering the overall weed infestation in the whole field and then herbicides are sprayed according to a single weed control recommendation for the field. But weeds are not uniformly distributed and normally have clumped populations showing weed patches presenting high spatial variability. This nature of the weed populations can be mapped, and so it can help the decisions associated with weed management on agricultural systems. However, localization and mapping of the weed clusters are very difficult tasks in large areas, and require adequate methodology. Therefore, determination method of this weed infestation variability in space must be scientifically studied. With the objective of studying the weed spatial variability and temporal behavior of weed seedlings infestations and their respective seed banks, four experiments were conducted to evaluate the spatial temporal behavior of the weeds and the potential of weed mapping technology could bring to the rational weed management. The aim of the first experiment was to evaluate the spatial temporal behavior of the weed seedlings and their respective seed banks using the mapping technology. A grid sampling was used to understand the seedling and seed bank behavior in the space and time. Correlations using "Spearman rank" test were observed, mainly in Ageratum conyzoides L. and Commelina benghalensis L. The spatial dependence was noted between 7 and 15 m for the weed seedlings and seed banks. The weed maps showed that the weeds have a high spatial variability making patches with some temporal stability. In the second experiment two weed surveys were done with the objective of mapping Panicum maximum Jacq. during and after corn harvest. The grid sampling method after harvest corn was used to evaluate the harvest mapping method. It was underestimated about 6% of the weed infestation using the harvest mapping method when it was compared with the grid sampling method after corn harvest. In this experiment the harvest mapping method had just 45% of efficiency in recording weed infestation areas. The third experiment was done in order to analyzed the post emergence herbicide efficacy in soybeans based on weed maps constructed with grid sampling mapping. The weed seedling was counted in a 6 by 6 m grid and, based on weed infestation of each grid, it was sprayed two post emergence herbicide rates according to the weed infestation. It was saved 18 to 44% of herbicides compared to broadcast application with the same herbicide efficacy. In the fourth experiment a pre emergence herbicide application was carried out in soybeans crop based on weed seed bank map and, it was observed that the site-specific application had similar efficacy saving 22% of herbicides. So, the weed mapping technology is an important tool to bear on decisions associated with crop production, and it is a priority for the implementation of this technology multiple sources of scientific knowledge in weed biology and management regarding to the weed spatial variability

    SPATIAL DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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    Brazilian soils have natural high chemical variability; thus, apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) can assist interpretation of crop yield variations. We aimed to select soil chemical properties with the best linear and spatial correlations to explain ECa variation in the soil using a Profiler sensor (EMP-400). The study was carried out in Sidrolândia, MS, Brazil. We analyzed the following variables: electrical conductivity - EC (2, 7, and 15 kHz), organic matter, available K, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Soil ECa was measured with the aid of an all-terrain vehicle, which crossed the entire area in strips spaced at 0.45 m. Soil samples were collected at the 0-20 cm depth with a total of 36 samples within about 70 ha. Classical descriptive analysis was applied to each property via SAS software, and GS+ for spatial dependence analysis. The equipment was able to simultaneously detect ECa at the different frequencies. It was also possible to establish site-specific management zones through analysis of correlation with chemical properties. We observed that CEC was the property that had the best correlation with ECa at 15 kHz

    FERTILIZATION AND PLANT ARRANGEMENT IN INTERCROPPED MAIZE AND BRACHIARIA ADUBAÇÃO E ARRANJO DE PLANTAS NO CONSÓRCIO MILHO E BRAQUIÁRIA

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font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; font-weight:bold;} span.style18 {mso-style-name:style18;} ins {mso-style-type:export-only; text-decoration:none;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span&gt;The &lt;ins datetime="2008-11-27T14:56" cite="mailto:Escola%20de%20Agronomia"&gt;optimization &lt;/ins&gt;of maize and &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt; intercropping managment is influenced by soil fertility, &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt; plant density, and maize plant arrangement. This research evaluated those factors interactions and their influence on the productivity of maize and &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt;. The experiment was carried out during two crop cycles, in a 2x2x3+1 factorial scheme, combining two conditions of maize fertilization (grain yield expectation of 6 or &gt; 10 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), medium or high plant density of &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt; (&lt; 20 or &gt; 30 plant m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;), three maize plant arrangements (A = 90 cm row spacing with 5 plants m&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;; B = 45 cm row spacing with 2.5 plants m&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;; and C = 45 cm row spacing with 3 plants m&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), and one additional treatment (heavier fertilization, without &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;and &lt;/span&gt;maize A arrangement). Water availability influenced the responses to treatments. In the rainy year, heavier fertilization promoted expressive grain yield increase, independently of the maize arrangement or the presence of &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt;. In the dry year, the maize yield increase, due to heavier fertilization, was smaller and there was a harmful effect caused by the higher &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt; density. The dry matter yield of &lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt; was not directly related to the variation in plant density.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;KEY-WORDS: Crop management; crop-livestock integration; precision agriculture; row spacing; plant population.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser /&gt; &lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt; &lt;!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:1627421319 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; 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margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2 {margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; line-height:14.4pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;} p.MsoBodyText3, li.MsoBodyText3, div.MsoBodyText3 {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold; mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;} p.MsoBodyTextIndent2, li.MsoBodyTextIndent2, div.MsoBodyTextIndent2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p.Textodebalo, li.Textodebalo, div.Textodebalo {mso-style-name:"Texto de balão"; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.p1, li.p1, div.p1 {mso-style-name:p1; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:12.0pt; mso-pagination:none; tab-stops:36.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line;} p.EGbibliog, li.EGbibliog, div.EGbibliog {mso-style-name:EG_bibliog; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:14.2pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; line-height:150%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; text-autospace:none; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.Assuntodocomentrio, li.Assuntodocomentrio, div.Assuntodocomentrio {mso-style-name:"Assunto do comentário"; mso-style-parent:"Texto de comentário"; mso-style-next:"Texto de comentário"; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; font-weight:bold;} span.style18 {mso-style-name:style18;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span&gt;A otimização do manejo de milho consorciado com braquiária depende da fertilidade do solo, da densidade de plantas de braquiária e do arranjo de plantas do milho. Avaliaram-se as inte

    Variação espacial da resposta do milho à adubação nitrogenada de cobertura em lavoura no cerrado Spatial variation of corn response to nitrogen topdressing in a Cerrado crop field

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, numa perspectiva espacial, a resposta do milho (Zea mays) à adubação de cobertura com nitrogênio (N) e relacionar a produtividade de grãos com variáveis indicadoras do suprimento desse nutriente. Quatro doses de N foram testadas em 12 parcelas experimentais de 12,6x1.200 m. Em cada parcela foram georreferenciados 11 locais onde foram feitas as avaliações. Nesses locais, foi monitorado o estado nutricional do milho com o clorofilômetro e foram determinados os teores de N mineral do solo e os teores de N na folha e nos grãos. A produtividade de grãos foi mapeada com sensor de produtividade e "Global Positioning System" (GPS) acoplados à colhedora. Os dados foram analisados por estatística clássica e espacial. O cultivo sem aplicação de N em cobertura proporcionou, em média, 77% da máxima produtividade de milho (9,21 Mg ha-1) obtida com a adubação de cobertura. Altas correlações entre leitura do clorofilômetro, teor foliar de N e produtividade do milho, verificadas na análise de médias, não se confirmaram nos mapas que representam a variabilidade espacial dessas variáveis. A interpretação conjunta dos mapas de leitura do clorofilômetro e de produtividade do milho permitiu identificar áreas com diferentes capacidades de suprimento de N pelo solo e subsidiar a delimitação de zonas para o manejo diferenciado do nitrogênio.The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variation of corn response to nitrogen (N) topdressing fertilization, associating the grain yield with indicative variables of the N nutritional status. Four N rates were tested in 12 experimental plots of 12.6x1,200 m. Along each plot, 11 georeferenced sites were located for punctual evaluations. In those sites, the corn nutritional status was monitored using a chlorophyll meter and samples were collected to determine soil mineral N, and N concentration in leaves and grains. The grain yield was mapped using a yield sensor and a Global Positioning System (GPS) device coupled to the combine. The data obtained were analyzed using classical and spatial statistics. The corn with no N topdressing reached an average of 77% of the maximum grain yield (9.21 Mg ha-1) obtained with the usage of topdressing. The high correlation coefficients among the average data of chlorophyll meter readings, leaf N content, and grain yield were not confirmed when the spatial variability of these variables were considered. The map interpretation of the chlorophyll meter readings and corn yield allowed the identification of areas with different soil N supply capacity, indicating field zones for site-specific management

    Improved grazing activity of dairy heifers in shaded tropical grasslands

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    ABSTRACT: Trees in the production systems can effectively reduce hot weather-induced stress in the Brazilian Midwest. High temperatures cause changes in animals daily routine, and trees into pastures can promote benefits. The aim of this research was to evaluate the behavior of dairy heifers in silvopastoral systems in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A herd of 24 crossbreed heifers (3/4 and 7/8 Holstein/Zebu), 350kg average weight, was evaluated over three seasons. Piatã grass was managed under three shade levels: full-sun, moderate-shade, and intensive-shade provided by 10 to 12m high Eucalyptus trees. Behavior data were collected every 15 minutes from 8:30h to 16h. Shade availability significantly impacted heifer behavior, mainly affecting grazing frequency and time during the hottest hours. Grazing behavior was affected by shade levels during the different seasons. Heifers showed preferred grazing times. Heifers in the intensive-shade system visited shady areas during the hottest hours throughout the seasons. Heifers in the full sun-system avoided grazing during the warmer times, ceasing feeding activities. Our results from the Brazilian Midwest showed that shade availability causes breed heifers to change their daily routine
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