Empiric Models of the Earth's Free Core Nutation

Free core nutation (FCN) is the main factor that limits the accuracy of the modeling of the motion of Earth's rotational axis in the celestial coordinate system. Several FCN models have been proposed. A comparative analysis is made of the known models including the model proposed by the author. The use of the FCN model is shown to substantially increase the accuracy of the modeling of Earth's rotation. Furthermore, the FCN component extracted from the observed motion of Earth's rotational axis is an important source for the study of the shape and rotation of the Earth's core. A comparison of different FCN models has shown that the proposed model is better than other models if used to extract the geophysical signal (the amplitude and phase of FCN) from observational data.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures; minor update of the journal published versio

Surface Shubnikov-de Hass oscillations and non-zero Berry phases of the topological hole conduction in Tl1−x_{1-x}Bi1+x_{1+x}Se2_2

We report the observation of two-dimensional Shubnikov-de Hass (SdH) oscillations in the topological insulator Tl$_{1-x}$Bi$_{1+x}$Se$_2$. Hall effect measurements exhibited electron-hole inversion in samples with bulk insulating properties. The SdH oscillations accompanying the hole conduction yielded a large surface carrier density of $n_{\rm{s}}=5.1 \times10^{12}$/cm$^2$, with the Landau-level fan diagram exhibiting the $\pi$ Berry phase. These results showed the electron-hole reversibility around the in-gap Dirac point and the hole conduction on the surface Dirac cone without involving the bulk metallic conduction.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

A first-principles study of tunneling magnetoresistance in Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions

We investigated the spin-dependent transport properties of Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) on the basis of first-principles calculations of the electronic structures and the ballistic conductance. The calculated tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of a Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) MTJ was about 160%, which was much smaller than that of a Fe/MgO/Fe(001) MTJ (1600%) for the same barrier thickness. However, there was an evanescent state with delta 1 symmetry in the energy gap around the Fermi level of normal spinel MgAl2O4, indicating the possibility of a large TMR in Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) MTJs. The small TMR ratio of the Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) MTJ was due to new conductive channels in the minority spin states resulting from a band-folding effect in the two-dimensional (2-D) Brillouin zone of the in-plane wave vector (k//) of the Fe electrode. Since the in-plane cell size of MgAl2O4 is twice that of the primitive in-plane cell size of bcc Fe, the bands in the boundary edges are folded, and minority-spin states coupled with the delta 1 evanescent state in the MgAl2O4 barrier appear at k//=0, which reduces the TMR ratio of the MTJs significantly.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

Half-metallic ferromagnets for magnetic tunnel junctions

Using theoretical arguments, we show that, in order to exploit half-metallic ferromagnets in tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) junctions, it is crucial to eliminate interface states at the Fermi level within the half-metallic gap; contrary to this, no such problem arises in giant magnetoresistance elements. Moreover, based on an a priori understanding of the electronic structure, we propose an antiferromagnetically coupled TMR element, in which interface states are eliminated, as a paradigm of materials design from first principles. Our conclusions are supported by ab-initio calculations

Precise determination of two-carrier transport properties in the topological insulator TlBiSe2_2

We report the electric transport study of the three-dimensional topological insulator TlBiSe$_2$. We applied a newly developed analysis procedure and precisely determined two-carrier transport properties. Magnetotransport properties revealed a multicarrier conduction of high- and low-mobility electrons in the bulk, which was in qualitative agreement with angle-resolved photoemission results~[K. Kuroda $et~al.$, Phys. Rev. Lett. $\bm{105}$, 146801 (2010)]. The temperature dependence of the Hall mobility was explained well with the conventional Bloch-Gr{\"u}neisen formula and yielded the Debye temperature $\varTheta_{\rm{D}}=113 \pm 14$~K. The results indicate that the scattering of bulk electrons is dominated by acoustic phonons.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Physical Review

A novel Arabidopsis pathosystem reveals cooperation of multiple hormonal response-pathways in host resistance against the global crop destroyer Macrophomina phaseolina.

Dubbed as a "global destroyer of crops", the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) infects more than 500 plant species including many economically important cash crops. Host defenses against infection by this pathogen are poorly understood. We established interactions between Mp and Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) as a model system to quantitatively assess host factors affecting the outcome of Mp infections. Using agar plate-based infection assays with different Arabidopsis genotypes, we found signaling mechanisms dependent on the plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid to control host defense against this pathogen. By profiling host transcripts in Mp-infected roots of the wild-type Arabidopsis accession Col-0 and ein2/jar1, an ethylene/jasmonic acid-signaling deficient mutant that exhibits enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen, we identified hundreds of genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of defense responses, which seem coordinated by complex interplay between multiple hormonal response-pathways. Our results establish Mp/Arabidopsis interactions as a useful model pathosystem, allowing for application of the vast genomics-related resources of this versatile model plant to the systematic investigation of previously understudied host defenses against a major crop plant pathogen

Seasonal variations of atmospheric C2-C7 nonmethane hydrocarbons in Tokyo

Eighteen C2-C7 NMHCs (nonmethane hydrocarbons) were measured hourly during the Integrated Measurement Program for Aerosol and Oxidant Chemistry in Tokyo (IMPACT) measurement campaigns conducted in central Tokyo during four different periods (summer/autumn of 2003 and winter/summer of 2004). The ambient atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs showed an inverse correlation with wind speed and mixing height and were significantly affected by mesoscale weather conditions. The mixing ratio of isoprene tightly correlated with solar flux and temperature in summer, as it was dominantly emitted by the local vegetation. All the observed NMHCs except isoprene showed high correlation with each other in winter (r2 > 0.5), suggesting concurrent accumulation under stagnant condition and common sources. Emission ratios were calculated on the basis of the correlation with carbon monoxide and ethyne. Compared to the typical winter NMEC composition, during summer there was a significant increase (up to 7 times higher than wintertime) of C4-C5 alkanes from ftiel evaporation; of C2-C3 alkenes, n-hexane and benzene from chemical industry; and of toluene from local manufacturers, reflecting the temperature dependence of these evaporative emissions. In addition to the online measurements in Tokyo, canister sampling at a suburban site (Kisai) followed by multidimensional GC analyses was conducted during the summer campaign in 2004. The atmospheric concentrations of longer-lived compounds (≥ several days) at Kisai showed the buildup under sea breeze circulation. The average ambient, concentration of toluene was 2 times higher than that in central Tokyo, likely because of substantial emissions from local industries as reported in the prefectural statistics. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union

MnAs dots grown on GaN(0001)-(1x1) surface

MnAs has been grown by means of MBE on the GaN(0001)-(1x1) surface. Two options of initiating the crystal growth were applied: (a) a regular MBE procedure (manganese and arsenic were delivered simultaneously) and (b) subsequent deposition of manganese and arsenic layers. It was shown that spontaneous formation of MnAs dots with the surface density of 1$\cdot 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $2.5\cdot 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively (as observed by AFM), occurred for the layer thickness higher than 5 ML. Electronic structure of the MnAs/GaN systems was studied by resonant photoemission spectroscopy. That led to determination of the Mn 3d - related contribution to the total density of states (DOS) distribution of MnAs. It has been proven that the electronic structures of the MnAs dots grown by the two procedures differ markedly. One corresponds to metallic, ferromagnetic NiAs-type MnAs, the other is similar to that reported for half-metallic zinc-blende MnAs. Both system behave superparamagnetically (as revealed by magnetization measurements), but with both the blocking temperatures and the intra-dot Curie temperatures substantially different. The intra-dot Curie temperature is about 260 K for the former system while markedly higher than room temperature for the latter one. Relations between growth process, electronic structure and other properties of the studied systems are discussed. Possible mechanisms of half-metallic MnAs formation on GaN are considered.Comment: 20+ pages, 8 figure

Detection of Phase Jumps of Free Core Nutation of the Earth and their Concurrence with Geomagnetic Jerks

We detected phase jumps of the Free Core Nutation (FCN) of the Earth directly from the analysis of the Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) observation of the Earth rotation for the period 1984-2003 by applying the Weighted Wavelet Z-Transform (WWZ) method and the Short-time Periodogram with the Gabor function (SPG) method. During the period, the FCN had two significant phase jumps in 1992 and 1998. These epochs coincide with the reported occurrence of geomagnetic jerks.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure