Findings of the IWSLT 2022 Evaluation Campaign.

The evaluation campaign of the 19th International Conference on Spoken Language Translation featured eight shared tasks: (i) Simultaneous speech translation, (ii) Offline speech translation, (iii) Speech to speech translation, (iv) Low-resource speech translation, (v) Multilingual speech translation, (vi) Dialect speech translation, (vii) Formality control for speech translation, (viii) Isometric speech translation. A total of 27 teams participated in at least one of the shared tasks. This paper details, for each shared task, the purpose of the task, the data that were released, the evaluation metrics that were applied, the submissions that were received and the results that were achieved

Subclinical Elevation of Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Illusions/Hallucinations in Subjects with Parkinson’s Disease: Case–control Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Though infections are associated with psychotic symptoms, whether or not subclinical inflammation is associated with hallucinations is not known in Parkinson’s disease (PD).</p><p>Purpose</p><p>To investigate the association of illusions/hallucinations and plasma CRP levels in PD patients without symptomatic infections.</p><p>Methods</p><p>PD patients not diagnosed as having infections were assessed for illusions and hallucinations using the Parkinson Psychosis Questionnaire (PPQ). It comprises four-domain questions: PPQ-A for sleep problems, PPQ-B for hallucinations/illusions, PPQ-C for delusions, and PPQ-D for disorientation. Assigning patients with ≥1 points in the PPQ-B score to be cases and others as controls, the association of hallucinations/illusions and clinical features (age, sex, duration of PD, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part 3 (UPDRS-3), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, sleep disturbance (PPQ-A score) as well as daily doses of L-Dopa, dopamine agonists, amantadine, and selegiline) were analyzed using a case–control design.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 111 patients were examined and plasma CRP levels were <0.1–6.0 mg/L. Hallucinations or illusions were detected in 28 (25.2%). There were significant differences in age, UPDRS-3 score, MMSE score, PPQ-A, daily doses of L-Dopa and dopamine agonists and plasma CRP levels between cases and controls. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that UPDRS-3 scores and plasma CRP levels were significantly associated with hallucinations/illusions with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.96 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–3.20) per 10 points and 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.13–2.16) per two-fold, respectively. Dividing patients into thirds by CRP levels (≤0.2, 0.3–0.6, ≥0.7 mg/L), the prevalence of hallucinations/illusions was 13.2%, 21.6%, and 41.7%, in the bottom-, middle-, and top-thirds, respectively (for trend p = 0.012).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Subclinical elevation of plasma CRP levels was associated with hallucinations or illusions after adjustment for motor disability, suggesting that subclinical elevations of CRP levels might be an independent risk for hallucinations/illusions.</p></div

Relative risk of hallucinations.

<p>Relative risk of hallucinations.</p

Participant clinical features by hallucinations.

<p>Statistical analysis was performed as follows; t-test for age, duration, UPDRS–3, MMSE, Dopa dose, white blood cell count, and albumin. Chi-square test for modified H-Y stage. Mann-Whitney U test for PPQ-A score, DA agonist, selegiline, amantadine and plasma CRP because of non-Gaussian distributions.</p

Pyramid histogram of CRP levels in cases (green) and controls (blue).

<p>Plasma CRP levels (expressed as log₂CRP) were distributed as a bell-shape. They were shifted upward in cases compared with those in controls.</p

Observed and estimated probability of hallucinations/illusions.

<p>Line demonstrates the relationship between the observed probability of hallucinations/illusions and that estimated in the logistic regression model incorporating plasma CRP, age and MMSE as predictable variables.</p

Relative risk of hallucinations/illusions estimated as odds ratios (ORs) using a multi-variable regression model.

<p>Predictable variables were selected using a backward likelihood test, and plasma level of CRP, age, and MMSE score incorporated into the model.</p