6G Network AI Architecture for Everyone-Centric Customized Services

Mobile communication standards were developed for enhancing transmission and network performance by using more radio resources and improving spectrum and energy efficiency. How to effectively address diverse user requirements and guarantee everyone's Quality of Experience (QoE) remains an open problem. The Sixth Generation (6G) mobile systems will solve this problem by utilizing heterogenous network resources and pervasive intelligence to support everyone-centric customized services anywhere and anytime. In this article, we first coin the concept of Service Requirement Zone (SRZ) on the user side to characterize and visualize the integrated service requirements and preferences of specific tasks of individual users. On the system side, we further introduce the concept of User Satisfaction Ratio (USR) to evaluate the system's overall service ability of satisfying a variety of tasks with different SRZs. Then, we propose a network Artificial Intelligence (AI) architecture with integrated network resources and pervasive AI capabilities for supporting customized services with guaranteed QoEs. Finally, extensive simulations show that the proposed network AI architecture can consistently offer a higher USR performance than the cloud AI and edge AI architectures with respect to different task scheduling algorithms, random service requirements, and dynamic network conditions

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

EEG artifacts reduction by multivariate empirical mode decomposition and multiscale entropy for monitoring depth of anaesthesia during surgery

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely utilized to measure the depth of anaesthesia (DOA) during operation. However, the EEG signals are usually contaminated by artifacts which have a consequence on the measured DOA accuracy. In this study, an effective and useful filtering algorithm based on multivariate empirical mode decomposition and multiscale entropy (MSE) is proposed to measure DOA. Mean entropy of MSE is used as an index to find artifacts-free intrinsic mode functions. The effect of different levels of artifacts on the performances of the proposed filtering is analysed using simulated data. Furthermore, 21 patients' EEG signals are collected and analysed using sample entropy to calculate the complexity for monitoring DOA. The correlation coefficients of entropy and bispectral index (BIS) results show 0.14 ± 0.30 and 0.63 ± 0.09 before and after filtering, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model is used for range mapping in order to correlate the measurements with BIS. The ANN method results show strong correlation coefficient (0.75 ± 0.08). The results in this paper verify that entropy values and BIS have a strong correlation for the purpose of DOA monitoring and the proposed filtering method can effectively filter artifacts from EEG signals. The proposed method performs better than the commonly used wavelet denoising method. This study provides a fully adaptive and automated filter for EEG to measure DOA more accuracy and thus reduce risk related to maintenance of anaesthetic agents.This research was financially supported by the Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taiwan, which is sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant Number: NSC102-2911-I-008-001). Also, it was supported by Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology in Taiwan (Grant Numbers: CSIST-095-V301 and CSIST-095-V302) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 51475342)

Effect of Foliar Spray with Magnesium, Ferrous, Boron and Molybdenum on Growth of Oncidium 'Gower Ramsey'

本試驗使用文心蘭切花品種Onc.‘Gower Ramsey’為實驗材料。探討秋季九月施用栽培養液配合葉面噴施草酸鎂(MgC2O4)、螯合鐵(Fe-EDTA)、硼酸(H3BO3)、鉬酸(H2MoO4)，對文心蘭花芽抽出後之營養芽調控、植株生育情形及促進側出營養芽之花期調節之可行性。 文心蘭Onc.‘Gower Ramsey’經MgC2O4 (0.05、0.1、0.15、0.2 g/L)、Fe-EDTA (1、2、3、4 g/L)、H3BO3 (0.05、0.1、0.15、0.2 g/L)及H2MoO4 (0.05、0.1、0.15、0.2 g/L)葉面噴施後，於假球莖成熟後調查植株生長狀況，MgC2O4處理組葉片長於各組間無顯著差異，但葉寬、葉厚以及葉片鮮乾重則以0.15 g/L MgC2O4處理表現較佳。假球莖之長、寬、厚度各組間皆無顯著差異，鮮乾重則是以0.15g/L MgC2O4處理下有較高的累積量。Fe-EDTA處理組植株葉片與假球莖的鮮乾重變化皆以1 g/L Fe-EDTA處理下有較高的累積量，且隨施用濃度提升生物量累積有下降的情況，葉片及假球莖的長、寬及厚度上則隨施用濃度增加而有減少累積的的趨勢。H3BO3處理組植株葉片與假球莖的鮮乾重變化皆以0.2 g/L H3BO3處理下有較高的累積量，葉片與假球莖長、寬、厚度皆以0.1 g/L H3BO3表現較佳，而葉片厚度則是以0.15~0.2 g/L H3BO3有較佳的表現 。H2MoO4處理組葉片、假球莖的鮮乾重以0.2 g/L H2MoO4累積較高，葉片長、寬、厚度以0.1 g/L H2MoO4處理有較佳的表現，而假球莖是以0.05 g/L H2MoO4處理表現較佳。 文心蘭Onc.‘Gower Ramsey’ 經葉面噴施MgC2O4、Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、H2MoO4後，植株葉片葉綠素含量皆有增加的情形，經栽培9個月後， MgC2O4、 Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、H2MoO4各處理組上位葉分別以0.2 g/L MgC2O4、1 g/L Fe-EDTA、0.15 g/L H3BO3及0.2 g/L H2MoO4有較高的葉綠素含量。經葉面噴施MgC2O4、Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、H2MoO4後，全可溶性糖及澱粉含量皆以假球莖含量最高，隨栽培的時間增加則有減少的情形。 綜合上述結果，文心蘭Onc.‘Gower Ramsey’經MgC2O4 0.15 g/L、Fe-EDTA 1 g/L、H3BO3 0.2 g/L與H2MoO4 0.2 g/L施用後，有助於葉片與假球莖生物量累積，而葉面噴施MgC2O4、Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、H2MoO4對文心蘭Onc.‘Gower Ramsey’營養生長轉換為生殖生長之作用則還需相關因子配合並且有待更深入的研究。Oncidum ‘Gower Ramsey’ was used in this study. To research the effect of foliar spray with magnesium oxalate、ferrous、boric acid and molybdic acid on growth of Oncidum ‘Gower Ramsey’ . Foliar sprayed with 0.15 g/L of MgC2O4 on leaf fresh weight and dry weight had highest biomass accumulation.Then the pseudobulb length, width and thickness also had no significant differences while fresh weight and dry weight had the highest biomass in 0.15 g/L of MgC2O4. Compared with Fe-EDTA treatments, the fresh weight and dry weight of leaf and pseudobulb in 1 g/L of Fe-EDTA was higher than control. As ferrous concentration increased, the biomass accumulation of Oncidum ‘Gower Ramsey’ decreased. The fresh weight and dry weight of leaf and pseudobulb in 0.2 g/L of H3BO3 had highest biomass accumulation, but 0.1 g/L of H3BO3 treatment was good for leaf length、leaf width and pseudobulb growth and development. However, 0.15 g/L and 0.2 g/L of H3BO3 had the highest leaf thickness. As molybdic acid concentration increased, the fresh weight and dry weight of leaf and pseudobulb in 0.2 g/L of H2MoO4 was higher compared with control. The length, width and thickness of leaf and pseudobulb had the highest biomass in 0.05、0.1 g/L of H2MoO4, respectively. Foliar sprayed with magnesium oxalate, ferrous, boric acid, and molybdic acid, the leaf chlorophyll content improved through nine months cultivation, the upper leaf chlorophyll content had the highest value in 0.2 g/L of MgC2O4, 1g/L of Fe-EDTA, 0.15 g/L of H3BO3, and 0.2 g/L of H2MoO4, respectively. Both of total soluble sugar and starch were much higher at the pseudobulb stage, through nine months cultivation, then were decreased in the pseudobulb. Overall, foliar spray with 0.15 g/L MgC2O4 , 1g/L Fe-EDTA , 0.15 g/L H3BO3 , 0.2 g/L H2MoO4 on Oncidum ‘Gower Ramsey’ can increase leaf and pseudobulb biomass accumulation. The effect of foliar spray with magnesium oxalate、ferrous、boric acid and molybdic acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of Oncidum ‘Gower Ramsey’ are worth studying for further research.目錄(Content) 前言(Introduction)…………………………………………………… 1 前人研究(Literature review)………………………………………… 2 一、文心蘭植株特性……………………………………………………. 2 二、假球莖與生長之關係………………………………………………. 3 三、環境因子對蘭科植物生育之影響…………………………………. 6 四、營養元素對植物之影響……………………………………………. 7 材料方法(Marterials and Methods)………………………………… 14 一、植物材料…………………………………………………………… 14 二、試驗處理……………………………………………………………. 14 三、植株調查及分析方法………………………………………………. 15 結果(Results)………………………………………………………….. 18 一、葉面噴施草酸鎂對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響……………. 18 二、葉面噴施螯合鐵對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響……………. 20 三、葉面噴施硼酸對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響………………. 22 四、葉面噴施鉬酸對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響………………. 24 討論(Discussion)……………………………………………………… 91 一、葉面噴施草酸鎂對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響……………. 91 二、葉面噴施螯合鐵對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響……………. 92 三、葉面噴施硼酸對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響………………. 92 四、葉面噴施鉬酸對文心蘭葉片與假球莖生育之影響………………. 93 參考文獻(Reference)…………………………………………………. 94 附錄(Appendix)………………………………………………………. 10

Multivariate Multiscale Entropy Applied to Center of Pressure Signals Analysis: An Effect of Vibration Stimulation of Shoes

Falls are unpredictable accidents and resulting injuries can be serious to the elderly. A preventative solution can be the use of vibration stimulus of white noise to improve the sense of balance. In this work, a pair of vibration shoes were developed and controlled by a touch-type switch which can generate mechanical vibration noise to stimulate the patient’s feet while wearing the shoes. In order to evaluate the balance stability and treatment effect of vibrating insoles in these shoes, multivariate multiscale entropy (MMSE) algorithm is applied to calculate the relative complexity index of reconstructed center of pressure (COP) signals in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions by the multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD). The results show that the balance stability of 61.5% elderly subjects is improved after wearing the developed shoes, which is more than 30.8% using multiscale entropy. In conclusion, MEMD-enhanced MMSE is able to distinguish the smaller differences between before and after the use of vibration shoes in both two directions, which is more powerful than the empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-enhanced MSE in each individual direction

Key to Quality of Cutting Flower Growth of Exported Oncidium

近年來文心蘭切花產業是臺灣重要花卉產業之一，目前產業發展瓶頸在於切花產期過度集中於每年5月及9~10月之間、夏季切花落花及腐爛嚴重、瓶插壽命仍嫌短等，因此開花品質、產期調節、栽培技術及採後處理技術等方面之改善空間仍大。在符合市場訴求之品質要求下，文心蘭產業之發展已來到一轉型時期，在生產方面應如何突破生產瓶頸，防止過量中級花生產之經營方式，並注重生產設施之省工化、機械化、科技化，而在產銷方面如何講究品質與產銷通路是值得重視之課題，以提供消費大眾優良、新鮮、持久之切花品質。 文心蘭切花生產品質與產期之調控關鍵在於精準力，而精準力之核心在於技術開發、設備資材運用、物流通路暢通、市場情報靈活擷取與運用等方面；文心蘭在設施栽培上，可針對文心蘭之生育習性進行分類栽培，所使用之溫室可分成育苗溫室、切花及盆花生產溫室、促成栽培精密溫室等；而在植物營養方面，以提昇切花品質及花期調節兩大目標為技術發展重點，尤其著重於關鍵元素之運用，例如：鈣元素及kinetin 施用，以及相關栽培介質體系之開發，在文心蘭產業長期發展之觀點上而言，研發適當栽培生產體系契合高品質切花生產之關鍵栽培技術以及開發產期調節技術是維持文心蘭產業發展的重點。 Recently, the cutting flower growth of Oncidium is one of important flower industries in Taiwan. At the moment, the development bottleneck of this industry includes the overly intensive growth of Oncidium cutting flower in May and between September and October every year, cutting and fallen flower in summer, serious decay as well as still short vase life, etc. Therefore, there are still lots of room for improvement of flowering quality, forcing culture, cultivation technique and postharvest treatment. To meet the market demand of quality, the development of Oncidium industry is at the stage of transition. Breaking the bottleneck of growth, pursuing the running style of avoid overproduction of medium-level flower, placing an emphasis on labour-saving, mechanization and adopting more technology have become important issues. In addition, in the aspect of growth and marking, valuing quality as well as distribution –management of growth and marketing are also the essential issues in order to provide the public cutting flower of good, fresh and lasting qualities. The key to adjusting and controlling growth period and quality of cutting flower of Oncidium growth lies on accuracy, whereas the essential part of accuracy rests on technology development, making use of equipment and resources, unblocked distribution-management and flexibly using and taking of market information and so forth; as to the cultivation of Oncidium, put an emphasis on conducting classified cultivation according to the attribute of Oncidium growth. Greenhouses consist of plant nursing greenhouse, cutting flower and potted flower growth greenhouse, refinement-promoting cultivation greenhouse, etc; as to plant nutrition, the emphasis can be placed on technology development including two major goals: promoting the quality of cutting flower and adjusting growth period, especially the application of key elements, such as the use of calcium, kinetin and cultivated medium development. In view of long-term development of Oncidium industry, the study on proper cultivation cooperated with key cultivation techniques of high quality cutting flower and development technology of adjusting growth period are two major points of maintaining the development of Oncidium industry