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The Virome of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Viruses Where We Once Thought There Were None.
Traditionally, medicine has held that some human body sites are sterile and that the introduction of microbes to these sites results in infections. This paradigm shifted significantly with the discovery of the human microbiome and acceptance of these commensal microbes living across the body. However, the central nervous system (CNS) is still believed by many to be sterile in healthy people. Using culture-independent methods, we examined the virome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a cohort of mostly healthy human subjects. We identified a community of DNA viruses, most of which were identified as bacteriophages. Compared to other human specimen types, CSF viromes were not ecologically distinct. There was a high alpha diversity cluster that included feces, saliva, and urine, and a low alpha diversity cluster that included CSF, body fluids, plasma, and breast milk. The high diversity cluster included specimens known to have many bacteria, while other specimens traditionally assumed to be sterile formed the low diversity cluster. There was an abundance of viruses shared among CSF, breast milk, plasma, and body fluids, while each generally shared less with urine, feces, and saliva. These shared viruses ranged across different virus families, indicating that similarities between these viromes represent more than just a single shared virus family. By identifying a virome in the CSF of mostly healthy individuals, it is now less likely that any human body site is devoid of microbes, which further highlights the need to decipher the role that viral communities may play in human health
Human RIF1 and protein phosphatase 1 stimulate DNA replication origin licensing but suppress origin activation
We thank David Stead at the Aberdeen Proteomics Service for help in mass spectrometry interpretation, and Raif YĂŒcel and his team at the University of Aberdeen Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre for assistance with flow cytometry. We thank Robert Alver and Julian Blow at University of Dundee for advice on the use of tautomycetin. Peter Cherepanov of the Francis Crick Institute gifted XL413. Daniel Durocher of Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute gifted DNA constructs. Work by ADD and SH was supported by Cancer Research UK Grant A13356, Cancer Research UK Programme Award A19059, and BBSRC grant (BB/K006304/1). AIL was supported by Wellcome Trust Awards (108058/Z/15/Z & 105024/Z/14/Z). This work was also supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant # 16H04739, 25116004 to CO and 16J04327 to YO.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Metal Abundances across Cosmic Time () Survey. III. The Relationship between Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate in Extremely Low-Mass Galaxies
Extragalactic studies have demonstrated there is a moderately tight
(0.3 dex) relationship between galaxy stellar mass () and
star formation rate (SFR) that holds for star-forming galaxies at -10, i.e., the "star formation main
sequence." However, it has yet to be determined whether such a relationship
extends to even lower mass galaxies, particularly at intermediate or higher
redshifts. We present new results using observations for 714 narrowband
H-selected galaxies with stellar masses between and
(average of ) at 0.07-0.5.
These galaxies have sensitive UV to near-infrared photometric measurements and
optical spectroscopy. The latter allows us to correct our H SFRs for
dust attenuation using Balmer decrements. Our study reveals: (1) for low-SFR
galaxies, our H SFRs systematically underpredict compared to FUV
measurements, consistent with other studies; (2) at a given stellar mass
(10), log(specific SFR) evolves as
with , and on average, specific SFR increases with
decreasing stellar mass; (3) the SFR- relation holds for galaxies
down to 10 (1.5 dex below previous studies), and over
lookback times of up to 5 Gyr, follows a redshift-dependent relation of
with and ; and (4) the observed dispersion in
the SFR- relation at low stellar masses is 0.3 dex.
Accounting for survey selection effects using simulated galaxies, we estimate
the true dispersion is 0.5 dex.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Distinct pattern of TP53 mutations in human immunodeficiency virusĂą related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142251/1/cncr31063.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142251/2/cncr31063_am.pd
EMSY links breast cancer gene 2 to the 'Royal Family'
Although the role of the breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) tumor suppressor gene is well established in inherited breast and ovarian carcinomas, its involvement in sporadic disease is still uncertain. The recent identification of a novel BRCA2 binding protein, EMSY, as a putative oncogene implicates the BRCA2 pathway in sporadic tumors. Furthermore, EMSY's binding to members of the 'Royal Family' of chromatin remodeling proteins may lead to a better understanding of the physiological function of BRCA2 and its role in chromatin remodeling
Reassessing Chinaâs Higher Education Development: A Focus on Academic Culture
During the past three and a half decades, China has been progressing in higher education in a surprisingly dramatic manner, evidenced especially by scientific publications and sheer numbers of graduates. Such a fact has national, regional and global implications. Chinaâs higher education development and its future directions are now placed highly on the research agendas of many from various parts of the world. Unlike the general acknowledgment of Chinaâs achievements, assessment of the future development of Chinaâs higher education is wide open to question. To some, Chinese universities are on a trajectory to become âworld-classâ and Chinaâs high-fliers challenge Western supremacy. To others, Chinaâs notion of âworld-classâ status has been largely imitative. Pumping resources into universities will only lead to diminishing returns as Chinese culture and practices will act as a brake to the pursuit of academic excellence. An increasing deal of attention has been paid to where China will be located in a global higher education landscape and in what shape. Based on the authorâs long-standing professional observation and recent empirical studies, this article assesses Chinaâs higher education development, with a particular focus on the challenges brought forward by academic culture. It interrogates Chinaâs pride of the idea that Chinese universities are not willing to assume that Western models define excellence, and asks how far Chinese universities could move within their current development model.postprin
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