3,489 research outputs found
Reform of Procedure about Civil Remedies for Victims of Slander on the Internet in Japan
In recent years, suicides caused by slander on the Internet have become a major social problem in Japan. However, the procedure for disclosure of senderās information, which is used to prepare for filing a lawsuit claiming damages against the wrongdoer, had problems regarding the structure of the procedure and the subject of disclosure. Therefore, the Act on Limitation of Liability of Providers was amended in 2021. This paper provides an overview of this amendment
Competition, knowledge spillover, and innovation: technological development of semiconductor lasers, 1960- 1990
Knowledge plays an important role in economic growth. The role of
technological knowledge significantly increased after the Industrial Revolution.
Firms internalised technological knowledge in their R&D laboratories and placed
knowledge creation in a central position in their business strategies. Both the stock
and flow of technological knowledge and the tight interaction among science and
engineering became indispensable to the competitive advantage of industry, as well
as modern economic growth.
Directing its attention to knowledge creation and spillover, this thesis
scrutinises the development of semiconductor lasers from 1960 to 1990. The
semiconductor laser became one of the most important developments in the
optoelectronics industry underlying the drastic changes that took place during the
last half of the twentieth century in information technology, and it has become the
most widely used laser since the 1980s.
Reviewing the optoelectronics industry in the U.S. and Japan, the Japan
Technology Evaluation Center (JTEC) found that āJapan clearly led in consumer
optoelectronics, that both countries were competitive in communications and
networks, and that the United States held a clear lead in custom optoelectronics.ā
āJapanās lead in high-volume consumer optoelectronics and related technologies
gave it a dominant share of the overall global optoelectronics market.ā This thesis
explores how the patterns of comparative advantages emerged, which were indicated
by the JTEC report. How did Japanese firms gain technological competitiveness in
high volume product markets? How did the U.S. firms come to be competitive in
niche markets?
Through scrutinizing patent data, it examines the engineersā network,
mobility, and the pattern of technological choice in R&D competition. Introducing
the two different types of knowledge--current technological domain specific
knowledge and lateral utilization knowledge--it showed how different patterns of
knowledge spillover emerged and resulted in the different paths of technological
development in the U.S. and Japan. Based on the high star-engineersā mobility and
the well developed research network, the U.S. firms tended to spin off from their
parent firms and targeted niche markets. Therefore, knowledge spillover emerged in
the areas where semiconductor laser technology was applied and exploited to fill
untapped markets. In contrast, the pattern of competition of Japanese firms induced
knowledge spillovers to enhance the development of core semiconductor laser
technology instead of exploiting niche product markets
Weight function method for precise determination of top quark mass at Large Hadron Collider
We propose a new method to measure a theoretically well-defined top quark
mass at the LHC. This method is based on the "weight function method," which we
proposed in our preceding paper. It requires only lepton energy distribution
and is basically independent of the production process of the top quark. We
perform a simulation analysis of the top quark mass reconstruction with
pair production and lepton+jets decay channel at the leading order.
The estimated statistical error of the top quark mass is about GeV with
an integrated luminosity of fb at TeV. We also
estimate some of the major systematic uncertainties and find that they are
under good control.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, version to appear in PL
The Nature of Inventive Activities : Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards
This paper presents an exploratory study on the characteristics of inventive activities as captured on the basis of the analysis of a data-set of R&D awards. Our data source is the "R&D 100 Awards" competition organized by the journal Research and Development. Since 1963, the magazine (which at that time was called Industrial Research) has been awarding this prize to 100 most technologically significant new products available for sale or licensing in the year preceding the judgment. The jury is composed of university professors, industrial researchers and consultants with a certified level of competence in the specific areas they are called to asses. The main criteria for assessment are: i) technological significance (i.e., whether the product can be considered a major breakthrough), ii) competitive significance (i.e., how the product compares to rival solutions available on the market). Throughout the years, key breakthroughs inventions such as Polacolor film (1963), the flashcube (1965), the automated teller machine (1973), the halogen lamp (1974), the fax machine (1975), the liquid crystal display (1980), the printer (1986), the Kodak Photo CD (1991), the Nicoderm antismoking patch (1992), Taxol anticancer drug (1993), lab on a chip (1996), and HDTV (1998) have received the prize. We use these data to study the shifts in the distribution of innovative activities across countries, sectors and types of institutions and the changes in the sources of inventive activities over time. Our preliminary findings show: i) the emergence of a challenge to US technological leadership from other rival nations such as Japan and Germany, ii) the critical role of scientific instrumentation as a powerful source of technological breakthroughs, iii) a change in the institutional arrangements where innovative activities take place, from individual corporations, to partnerships increasingly involving public research organizations and universities, iv) a large chunk of inventive activities undertaken without patent protection.
Studies on an antifibrinolytic agent trans-AMCHA
Lysis of fibrin was first recognized by MORGAGNI in 1769, observing a liquid blood in a patient of acute death, and the phenomenon was named as fibrinolysis by DASTRE in 1893. In 1937, MACFARLANE recognized in a patient after cholecystectomy that the blood clot was lysed completely in the following morning. Since then, much attention has been paid clinically on fibrinolysis and it has been said to occur in case receiving a large amount of blood transfusion, shock, cancer, obstetric diseases, hemophilia, various drug poisonings, allergic diseases, after irradiation and after the operations of lung, pancreas and prostate. In our department, also, the similar phenomenon was recognized often in association with cardiac surgery using the artificial heart-lung machine, and a difficulty in hemostasis was encountered postoperatively. We have been studying, therefore, on fibrinolysis in open heart surgery.</p
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