58 research outputs found
A review of liming as a technique for protecting salmonid fish populations in acidified surface waters
Liming is a common technique that has been used in many countries to raise the alkalinity
of acidified surface waters and alleviate some of the damaging effects of acidification on
salmonid fish populations.
The most common liming substance used is calcite, a calcium carbonate compound that is
relatively inexpensive, available in different particle sizes and dissolves relatively quickly.
It can be applied directly to streams or lakes or it can be applied to catchment soils. When
applied to catchment soils its effect can be long-lasting but it can cause significant
damage to those catchment plant and animal communities that are naturally adapted to
acidic conditions. When applied directly to surface waters its effect can be immediate but
applications need to be continuous or frequently repeated to counter downstream dilution
and loss.
For streams the most effective method is to use an automatic doser controlled by pHmeasuring sensors upstream and downstream of the doser to enable the exact quantity of
lime needed to be added to the water body. Although effective this is an expensive
method and one that needs to be maintained continuously for several years until the
critical load exceedance has been eliminated. An alternative or complementary method is
partial catchment liming by targeting water sources and selected wetlands to minimise
damage to catchment vegetation.
Liming can be very effective in restoring and protecting salmonid fish populations, but if
over-applied it can lead to unwanted increases in alkalinity and productivity that may
produce symptoms of eutrophication and unwanted changes in the composition of plant
and algal communities downstream
Land-use experiments in the Loch Laidon Catchment: 2007 data report on Stream Water Quality to the Rannoch Trust
In 1992 the Rannoch Trust established the Loch Laidon catchment land-use
experiment, which is investigating the effects of summer cattle grazing on the
terrestrial and aquatic upland environment. Situated in Perthshire, Scotland, the
study area falls within a number of designations, including the Rannoch Moor
Special Area of Conservation and Site of Special Scientific Interest, the Rannoch
Lochs Special Protection Area and the Tayside Local Biodiversity Action Plan
Land-use experiments in the Loch Laidon Catchment. Eighth report on Stream Water Quality to the Rannoch Trust
This report presents the results from the Stream Water Quality component of the Loch Laidon catchment land-use experiment which began in 1992. The experiment was set up to examine the effects of cattle grazing on the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and biota of a moorland area of upland Scotland
Recent heavy metal contamination of the Thurne Broads
The banning of tributyltin (TBT) from boat antifouling paints in the late 1980s led to its
replacement by alternative biocide additives (Voulvoulis et al., 2000; Marcheselli et
al., 2010), including Cu (Dahl & Blanck, 1996) and Zn as active ingredients. It has
been reported that Cu and Zn compounds associated with these biocides have
caused substantial contamination of harbour and marina sediments (Eklund et al.,
2010; Parks et al., 2010), with negative toxic consequences for aquatic organisms
(Ytreberg et al., 2010). Indeed, it is evident that Cu and Zn compounds present in
paint fragments are readily leached into the water column allowing entry into aquatic
food webs (Jessop & Turner, 2011). Nevertheless, relatively little is known regarding
antifoulant-derived metals contamination in freshwater lakes.
The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads (Eastern England, UK) have been contaminated by
antifoulant-derived heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn which have increased since
the banning of TBT (post-1987) in parts of the boated system (Boyle et al., in prep.).
Further, recent studies suggest that current levels of sediment contamination by Cu
may have negative ecological effects for aquatic ecosystems including inhibition of
aquatic macrophyte germination and performance (Boyle et al., submitted; S.
Lambert, unpublished data).
In Hickling Broad (Thurne Broads system), post-TBT increases in Cu and Zn are also
evident, with an interesting peak in Cu for the late 1990s in core HICK1 (Figure 1).
This coincides with the large-scale loss of aquatic macrophytes (especially
Characeae) from the lake in 1999 (Barker et al., 2008). HICK1 was collected in 2003.
In the proposed study we sought to gain a fuller understanding of recent metal
contamination in Hickling Broad up to the present day, whilst looking to verify and
better contextualise the late 1990s Cu peak. Further, we aimed to determine whether
the peak in Cu for Hickling Broad was also recorded at Horsey Mere which is used as
a control site in this study i.e. is it just a Hickling phenomenon? Or is it a Thurne
Broads system-wide effect
Palaeolimnological assessment of lake acidification and environmental change in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta
13 páginas, 8 figuras, 4 tablas.Exploitation of the Athabasca Oil Sands has expanded hugely over the last 40 years. Regional emissions of oxidised sulphur and
nitrogen compounds increased rapidly over this period and similar emissions have been linked to lake acidification in other parts of
North America and Europe. To determine whether lakes in the region have undergone acidification, 12 lakes within the Regional
Municipality of Wood Buffalo and the Caribou Mountains were selected to cover chemical and spatial gradients and sediment cores
were obtained for palaeolimnological analyses including radiometric dating, diatom analysis, isotopic analysis of bulk sediment 13C
and 15N, and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs). All lake sediment cores show evidence of industrial contamination based on
SCPs, but there is no clear industrial signal in stable isotopes. Most lakes showed changes in diatom assemblages and sediment C:N
ratios consistent with nutrient enrichment over various timescales, with potential drivers including climatic change, forest fires and
anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. Only one of the 12 lakes investigated showed strong evidence of acidification with a decline in
diatom-inferred pH from 6.3 to 5.6 since 1970 linked to increasing relative abundances of the acidophilous diatom species Actinella
punctata, Asterionella ralfsii and Fragilariforma polygonata. Analysis of mercury (Hg) in the acidified lake showed increasing
sediment fluxes over the last 20 years, a possible indication of industrial contamination. The acidified lake is the smallest of those
studied with the shortest residence time, suggesting a limited capacity for neutralisation of acid inputs in catchment soils or by inlake
processes.This work was funded by the NOx SOx Management
Working Group of the Cumulative Environmental Management
Association.Peer reviewe
Land-Use Experiments in the Loch Laidon Catchment
This report presents the results from the Stream Water Quality component
of the Loch Laidon catchment land-use experiment which commenced in
1992. The experiment was established with the aim of examining the effects
of cattle grazing on the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and biota of a
moorland area of upland Scotland
A summary of the paper "Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho"
Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho
Naturally accumulating archives, such as lake sediments and wetland peats, in remote areas may be used to identify the scale and rates of atmospherically deposited pollutant inputs to natural ecosystems. Co-located lake sediment and wetland cores were collected from Letšeng-la Letsie, a remote lake in the Maloti Mountains of southern Lesotho. The cores were radiometrically dated and analysed for a suite of contaminants including trace metals and metalloids (Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, As), fly-ash particles, stable nitrogen isotopes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated flame retardants (PBDEs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). While most trace metals showed no recent enrichment, mercury, fly-ash particles, high molecular weight PAHs and total PCBs showed low but increasing levels of contamination since c.1970, likely the result of long-range transport from coal combustion and other industrial sources in the Highveld region of South Africa. However, back-trajectory analysis revealed that atmospheric transport from this region to southern Lesotho is infrequent and the scale of contamination is low. To our knowledge, these data represent the first palaeolimnological records and the first trace contaminant data for Lesotho, and one of the first multi-pollutant historical records for southern Africa. They therefore provide a baseline for future regional assessments in the context of continued coal combustion in South Africa through to the mid-21st century
Freshwater umbrella - the effects of nitrogen deposition on freshwaters in the UK
In upland areas of the UK located away from direct human disturbance through
agriculture, industrial activities and urban pollution, atmospheric pollution poses one
of the major threats to the chemical and biological quality of lakes and streams. One
of the most important groups of pollutants is nitrogen (N) compounds, including
oxidised forms of N called NO_{x}, generated mainly by fossil fuel combustion
especially in motor vehicles, and reduced forms of N (ammonia gas or dissolved
ammonium compounds) generated mainly from agricultural activities and livestock.
These nitrogen compounds may dissolve in rain or soilwater to form acids, or may be
taken up as nutrients by plants and soil microbes in upland catchments, and then
subsequently released in acid form associated with nitrate leaching at a later date. It is
well established that nitrate leaching contributes to acidification of upland waters,
with damage to aquatic ecosystems including plants, invertebrates and fish. However
it has recently been suggested that nitrate leaching may also be associated with
nutrient enrichment of upland waters that contain biological communities adapted to
very low nutrient levels. Furthermore, important interactions have been found
elsewhere between acid deposition and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
which has been found to be increasing in many upland waters of the northern
hemisphere
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