Initiation of NALT Organogenesis Is Independent of the IL-7R, LTβR, and NIK Signaling Pathways but Requires the Id2 Gene and CD3−CD4+CD45+ Cells

AbstractInitiation of nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) development is independent of the programmed cytokine cascade necessary for the formation of Peyer's patches (PP) and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), a cytokine cascade which consists of IL-7R, LTα1β2/LTβR, and NIK. However, the subsequent organization of NALT seems to be controlled by these cytokine signaling cascades since the maturation of NALT structure is generally incomplete in those cytokine cascade-deficient mice. NALT as well as PP and PLN are completely absent in Id2−/− mice. NALT organogenesis is initiated following the adoptive transfer of CD3−CD4+CD45+ cells into Id2−/− mice, constituting direct evidence that CD3−CD4+CD45+ inducer cells can provide an IL-7R-, LTα1β2/LTβR-, and NIK-independent tissue organogenesis pathway for secondary lymphoid tissue development

Endoscopic repair through the medial wall of maxillary sinus for blowout fracture of the inferior orbital wall: a case report

Endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) was originally developed for surgery of maxillary sinus disease. This surgery was recently modified to preserve the inferior turbinate (IT) and the nasolacrimal duct (ND) and is commonly referred to endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy (EMMM). Here we present a case of endoscopic repair for a blowout fracture of the inferior orbital wall via access through the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, thereby preserving IT and ND, similar to EMMM. Two months postoperatively, a diplopia field test, computed tomography, and endoscopic observation were performed. Good recovery of diplopia was obtained, and empty nose syndrome, epiphora, and cheek numbness were not observed. Those complications such as empty nose syndrome, epiphora and cheek numbness can be avoided by the approach presented in this report; therefore, the maxillary medial wall approach, like EMMM, could become a preferred surgical method for blowout fractures of the inferior orbital wall

Isolation of human adult olfactory sphere cells as a cell source of neural progenitors

Olfactory stem cells are generated from olfactory mucosa. Various culture conditions generate olfactory stem cells that differ according to species and developmental stage and have different progenitor or stem cell characteristics. Olfactory spheres (OSs) are clusters of progenitor or stem cells generated from olfactory mucosa in suspension culture. In this study, adult human OSs were generated and their characteristics analyzed. Human OSs were adequately produced from olfactory mucosa with area over 40 mm2. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that human OSs were AN2 and A2B5-positive. Immunofluorescence analysis of cell type-specific ICC indicated that the number of Tuj1-positive OS cells was significantly elevated. Tuj1-positive cells displayed typical neuronal soma and dendritic morphology. Human OS cells were also immunopositive for MAP2. By contrast, few RIP-, O4-, and GFAP-positive cells were present. These RIP, O4, and GFAP-positive cells did not resemble bona fide oligodendrocytes and astrocytes morphologically. In culture to induce differentiation of oligodendrocytes, human OS cells also expressed neuronal markers, but neither oligodendrocyte or astrocyte markers. These findings suggest that human OS cells autonomously differentiate into neurons in our culture condition and have potential to be used as a cell source of neural progenitors for their own regenerative grafts, avoiding the need for immunosuppression and ethical controversies