A Comparative Study on Routing schemes for Wireless Network

Ubiquitous smart devices with embedded sensors are paving the way for mobile ad hoc networks (ad-hoc network) that enable users to communicate directly, thereby playing a key role in Smart City and Internet of Things applications. In such smart environments, people with smart devices (nodes) can freely self-organize and form self-configuring ad-hoc network to send and forward data packets to a destination over multiple hops via intermediate nodes. Wireless Networks includes a larger advantage in today’s communication application like environmental, traffic, military, and health observation. To realize these applications it's necessary to possess a reliable routing protocol. The main motivation of this paper is to review various routing schemes in ad-hoc network that have recently been proposed to enhance throughput when transmitting and receiving packets during active communication. The review covers various state-of-the-art protocols for each category and highlights their operation concepts, design challenges and key features. In addition, the performance evaluation metrics are also discussed

Effect of fly ash on surface tension of few liquids

Surface tension of different liquids which have an impact on living systems and the changes occurred due to mixing of fly ash was studied, keeping the temperature and amount of fly ash powder, constant. This change is very vital because surface tension is a very vital element for survival in biological world as many animals, and microorganisms survive due to specific surface tension which supports their life on water as larva or adult and even human, because many vital processes like respiration is dependent on surface tension.When yeast cells in aqueoussolution, surface tension of 6.65 x10-2Newton/Meter at280 C respiration is best but at 5.1x10-2 Newton/meter respiration is inhibited (1953 Carl)

The Butterfly Diversity in Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya College Campus

In the midst of the industrial area of Bhilai steel plant, the greenery on the campus of this college provides a home for many butterflies. The diversity of butterflies was investigated within the college campus of Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhilai, which lies in the Durg district of Chattisgarh State. The state enjoys a tropical climate. The survey was done from February 2015 to October 2015. This period includes the summer and monsoon months. During the survey, a total of 45 species, belonging to five families of the Order Lepidoptera, were recorded in the study area. The predominance of family Nymphalidae was noted, which comprised of 37.77% of the butterflies surveyed,  followed by Pieridae (22.22%), Papilionidae (20%), Lycaenidae (11.11%), and Hesperidae (8.88%). Among the forty-five species of butterflies investigated, 11 species come under the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972

Pervasiveness of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in tribal/rural population of India: a review

Diseases classified as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are those that are often caused by unhealthy behaviors rather than by infection or by contact with others. One of the main NCDs causing many fatalities is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent research has shown that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Mets) associated CVDs among tribal populations is increasing in rapid pace. In this review, we have included studies investigating the components of Mets and the relationships between Mets and CVDs. From the assessment of studies, we may predict a significant association between Mets and CVDs as a whole. Our evaluation of these studies revealed that carrying at least three Mets risk components, like hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure, significantly enhances the risk of CVDs. Undernutrition, smoking, and a low intake of fruits and vegetables in the Indian tribal population are the main risk factors for managing Mets associated CVDs. Furthermore, various studies have also shown that Mets may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Finally, healthy habits such as a balanced diet and frequent exercise should be introduced from a young age in individuals, to prevent Mets progression. In order to combat the Mets associated CVDs, functionally upgraded primary health centers and special IECs (Information, education and communication) programs may play a beneficial role. Furthermore, strengthening public healthcare systems and focusing on prevention, early identification, and treatment using medical and social interventions can be of immense help in managing the metabolic risk factors that can lead to CVDs

On the Role of Interface States in AlGaN/GaN Schottky Recessed Diodes: Physical Insights, Performance Tradeoff, and Engineering Guidelines

In this paper, the impact of donor and acceptor states at the Schottky interface of fully recessed AlGaN/GaN Schottky diode is physically modeled using device TCAD and detailed experiments. This allowed us to develop physical insights into recessed AlGaN/GaN diode's reverse breakdown, reverse leakage, and ON-state performance as a function of interface states and provided design guidelines to engineer fully recessed AlGaN/GaN Schottky diode for the maximum reverse breakdown and least reverse leakage without compromising its ON-state performance. It has been observed that donor states are responsible for high reverse leakage and reduced breakdown performance in Schottky diodes. On the other hand, the presence of acceptor states at the interface improves the diode leakage and breakdown voltage. Experiments involve a number of dry and wet surface treatments to: 1) validate computational findings and 2) find ways to cure or passivate donor states affected Schottky interface/recessed region. The introduction of acceptor traps at the Schottky interface has been proposed and experimentally verified using the Fluorine implant to cure donor state-affected Schottky interface, which improves the breakdown and reverse leakage characteristics significantly