Case Report Bilateral pedal edema in an HIV patient: Lopinavir/Ritonavir-containing treatment regimen as a potential cause?

A large number of patients are switched to second-line antiretroviral therapy, especially in resource limited settings. Lopinavir/Ritonavir is the main drug used in second-line treatment regimens. We describe a patient attending an HIV treatment centre in Kampala, Uganda, who presented with bilateral non-tender pitting inflammatory edema two weeks after switching to a Lopinavir/Ritonavir-containing second-line treatment regimen. The lack of an alternate explanation led us to suspect that Lopinavir/Ritonavir was potentially responsible for the edema

Overall relative differences between treatment alternatives.^*

<p>*Relative difference is calculated as ratio of global priority scores shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126625#pone.0126625.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> (e.g., relative difference for minimizing severe hypoglycemia versus minimizing fracture risk is 14.0/2.57 = 5.45)</p><p>Overall relative differences between treatment alternatives.^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126625#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}</p

Global priority scores of objectives.

<p>Global priority scores of objectives.</p

Relative differences in importance between objectives at lowest level of hierarchy.^*

<p>*Relative difference is calculated as ratio of global priority scores shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126625#pone.0126625.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> (e.g., relative difference for minimizing severe hypoglycemia versus minimizing fracture risk is 14.0/2.57 = 5.45)</p><p>Relative differences in importance between objectives at lowest level of hierarchy.^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126625#t002fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}</p

Methods of Urea Fertilizer Application Influence Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Transplanted Aman Rice

Although urea placed deep reduces nitrogen (N) loss and increases rice yield, its use is not expanding due to the lack of effective application methods. A study was carried out to determine how different urea application techniques affected the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of transplanted Aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan46). The experiment was set up in a RCBD design with seven treatments: T1 (deep placement of urea briquettes (DPUB) by hand), T2 (DPUB by battery-powered applicator), T3 (deep placement of prilled urea (PU) briquettes by BRRI applicator), T4 (DPUB by injector applicator), T5 (DPUB by push-type applicator), T6 (broadcast application of PU), T7 (zero-N), and three replications. Findings showed that the NH4+-N concentration in field water peaked on day 3 and then rapidly fell as time passed, while the NO3&minus;-N concentration in the water and soil was minimal. T1 reported the highest grain yield, total N content and uptake, whereas T7 had the lowest values. On T1, the apparent N recovery reached its highest level (73.5%). The NUE varied from 13.26% in T3 to 29.38% in T1. Based on this finding, deep placement of urea briquette by hand is recommended for increasing the yield and NUE of T. Aman rice