Number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β expression in Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil-treated traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L. peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L. oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L. peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), αterpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects

Number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β expression in Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil-treated traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), α- terpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects

POTENSI MINYAK ESENSIAL KULIT BUAH Citrus limon L. TERHADAP EKSPRESI IL-10 DAN TGF-β1 PADA ULKUS TRAUMATIK MUKOSA MULUT TIKUS WISTAR DIABETES

Background: The oral mucosa ulcer is a lesion with the loss of the epitel layer until the lamina propria where the healing process goes through 4 stages which is hemotasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. The condition of diabetes causes the inflammation phase to continue thus healing could not be achieved. IL-10 is needed to end the inflammation phase and TGF-β1 plays an important role in the proliferative phase. The gel of essential oil of the Citrus limon L. peel that contains limonene known to have an anti-inflammation effect. The application of that gel on the ulcer in the diabetic condition is hoped to increase the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 to accelerate healing. Purpose : This study aims to prove the anti-inflammatory potential of the essential oil of Citrus limon L. peel in accelerating the healing of the ulcer through the increased expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β1. Method : This study is an experimental laboratory study using the Post Test Only Control Group Design method. With the simple random sampling technique, 45 diabetic wistar rats induced with ulcer is divided into 9 groups: 3 treatment groups were given the application of the gel with 0,78% concentration, 3 other treatment groups with the concentration of 0,39%, and 3 control groups. All the control and treatment groups were examined for the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Result : The expression of IL-10 increased most significantly in the treatment group given the 0,39% concentration on the 7th day compared to the treatment group with the 0,78% concentration and the control group. The expression of TGF-β1 increased most significantly in the treatment group with the 0,78% concentration on the 7th day compared to the treatment group with the 0,39% concentration and the control group. Conclusion: The highest potential of the essential oil of Citrus limon L. peel in increasing the expression of IL-10 is at the 0,39% concentration and increases the expression of TGF-β1 at the 0,78% concentration