Perbandingan Perhitungan Trafik Jam Sibuk CDMA 2000 1x Pada BTS Inner City Dan BTS Outer City Dengan Mempergunakan Metode ADPH, TCBH, FDMH Dan FDMP

Cellular communication system is a wireless communication system where the subscriber can move within a wide network coverage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiuser access technology that is each user uses a unique code contained in the access channel in the system. Calculation and determination of peak hours can be done by several methods such as: Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH), Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH), Fixed Daily Measurement Hour (FDMH), Fixed Daily Measurement Period (FDMP). The effectiveness of the channel should be determined by occupancy both at inner city territory and outer city  territory location. Using design Erlang (Erl) for supply channel at Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that provided, BTS has a design Erlang of 369,83 Erl at inner city and it has a design Erlang of 241,8 Erl at outer city. Peak hour on the inner city occurred at 12:00 to 15:00, whereas the outer city of peak hour occurred at 18:00 to 21:00. Effectiveness value that determined by operator are : <20% = low occupancy (not effective), 21% to 69% = normal occupancy (effective), and > 70% = high occupancy (very effective). In this case occupancy values obtained in each method is between 21% to 69% which means effectiv

Lack of Association of Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) ε2/ε3/ε4 Polymorphisms with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis from 1916 Cases and 1756 Controls

<div><p>Background</p><p>A number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association of apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphisms with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). But the results remain controversial. This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between a common ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism in Apo E gene on the risk of POAG.</p><p>Method</p><p>A comprehensive literature search for studies published up to April 2013 was performed. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing random-effects models irrespective of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias of literatures was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 12 studies including 1916 cases and 1756 controls meeting the predefined criteria were involved in this meta-analysis. Overall, the Apo E ε2 allele and ε4 allele were not associated with POAG, compared with those carrying ε3 allele, with ORs of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.23; P = 0.872) and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.41; P = 0.743), respectively. Genotypic analysis also found no significant association between the ε4 carriers (ε3/ε4+ε4/ε4), ε2 carriers (ε2/ε3+ε2/ε2) and POAG, compared with participants with Apo E ε3/3, with ORs of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.25; P = 0.543) and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.57; P = 0.694), respectively. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, source of controls, genotyping methods, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or not, or type of the POAG, still no obvious associations were found.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This meta-analysis suggests that Apo E ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphisms may not be associated with the risk of POAG. However, well-designed studies with larger sample size and more ethnic groups are required to further validate the results.</p></div

Summary estimates for the OR of Apo E porlymorphism in various allele/genotype contrasts: overall analysis and subgroup analyses.

<p>ε2 carriers indicates ε2/ε2+ε2/ε3 genotypes and ε4 carriers indicates ε4/ε4+ε3/ε4 genotypes. Apo E, apolipoprotein E; Q, Q-statistic; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HW-E: Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; PB: population based; HB: hospital based; HTG: hypertension glaucoma; NTG: normal tension glaucoma; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphisms.</p>a<p>Cochran's chi-square <i>Q</i> statistic test used to assess the heterogeneity in subgroups.</p>b<p><i>Z</i> test used to determine the significance of the overall OR.</p

Flow diagram of included studies for this meta-analysis.

<p>Flow diagram of included studies for this meta-analysis.</p

AS-OCT measurement.

<p>AS-OCT image showing the measurements of scleral spur (SS), ACD, ACW, LV, AOD750, IT750, and iris curvature.</p

Uni- and multivariate linear regression for associated baseline factors of iris thickness, iris area and choroidal thickness.

<p>* β/P value: regression coefficient and P values of the independent variables in the univariate linear regression model;</p><p>† β/P value: regression coefficient and P values of the independent variables in the multiple linear regression model. Insignificant variables were not present in multivariate regressions;</p><p>In regression models, female was coded as 1 and male as 2 for gender;</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Uni- and multivariate linear regression for associated baseline factors of iris thickness, iris area and choroidal thickness.</p

SS-OCT measurement.

<p>SS-OCT image showing the measurements of choroidal thickness. (A) Choroidal thickness map of the 6×6 mm area centered on the fovea was created. The mean choroidal thickness was obtained for each sector. (B) Automatic placement of the chorioscleral border made by the automatic built-in software in one of the B-scan images of the 3D data set. (C) Choroidal topographic map of the 6×6 mm area.</p

Clinical characteristics of the study subjects.

<p>* P Value: Significance of differences between female and male: 2-samples independent t-test.</p><p>† r/P value: Pearson correlation between ASOCT/SSOCT parameters with age in all subjects.</p><p>Data are expressed as the mean (SD)</p><p>IOP = intraocular pressure; AL = axial length; SE = Spherical equivalent; D = diopter; ACD = anterior chamber depth; ACW = anterior chamber width; ACA = anterior chamber area; ACV = anterior chamber volume; PD = pupil diameter; AOD750 = angle opening distance at 750 μm from the scleral spur; TISA750 = trabecular–iris space area at 750 μm from the scleral spur; ARA = anterior chamber area; IT750 = anterior chamber volume; IAREA = iris area; ICURV = iris curvature; LV = lens vault; SD = standard deviation</p><p>Clinical characteristics of the study subjects.</p

Uni- and multivariate linear regression analysis of the association between choroidal thickness and iris parameters.

<p>*Adjusted for age, gender, AL, ACW, PD</p><p>Uni- and multivariate linear regression analysis of the association between choroidal thickness and iris parameters.</p