Preparation and properties of sputtered nitrogen-doped cobalt silicide film

It is the purpose of this study to develop tough hinge material for the application of the torsional springs. Nitrogen-doped cobalt silicide (CoSixNy) film is sputtered from cobalt silicide (CoSi2) target in Ar/N-2 discharge. Stress and sheet resistance of CoSixNy film are two major properties to be evaluated. Taguchi method is practiced in reactive sputtering deposition of CoSixNy film. Process pressure is most critical to the CoSixNy film stress and the optimum condition of 1000 W, 0.8 Pa, and 20% N-2 flow ratio, indeed results in low tensile CoSixNy film stress, about 54. MPa. Reannealing process indicates that stability of CoSixNy film is attained after first annealing process. Stress hysteresis behaviors of CoSix and CoSixNy films resemble that of metal film with a complete elastic manner in the second stage of heating and cooling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses suggest that toughness and strength of the film is achievable. It is concluded that CoSixNy film as a hinge material is feasible. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Determinação da digestibilidade da matéria seca e da proteína bruta do fubá de milho e do farelo de soja para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), utilizando-se técnicas com uso de indicadores internos e externos Determination of the digestibility of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) food nutrients by the techniques with internal and external indicators

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de comparar técnicas de digestibilidade de nutrientes de alimentos para peixes, com o uso dos indicadores externos (óxido crômico e carbonato de bário) e internos (cinza insolúvel em ácido, cinza insolúvel em detergente ácido, fibra bruta e fibra detergente ácido) e com a técnica de determinação direta. Tambaquis com 100 g receberam, no primeiro experimento, fubá de milho e, no segundo, farelo de soja. O óxido crômico e o carbonato de bário são indicadores externos efetivos para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos alimentos para tambaquis. A fibra bruta e a fibra detergente ácido apresentaram baixa recuperação e não estimaram de forma consistente os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos alimentos para tambaquis, subestimando-os. A cinza insolúvel em ácido e a cinza insolúvel em detergente ácido apresentaram alta porcentagem de recuperação e estimaram de forma consistente os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos alimentos para tambaquis, quando presentes no alimento em teores acima de 3,8% e 3,1%, respectivamente. A técnica de determinação direta foi eficiente para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos alimentos para tambaquis.<br>Two experiments were carried out aiming to compare techniques of digestibility of fish food nutrients, by using external indicators (chromic oxide and barium carbonate), internal indicators (HCl-insoluble ash, acid detergent insoluble ash, crude fiber and acid detergent fiber) and the direct determination technique. Corn meal was used in the first experiment and soybean meal was used in the second one; both used 100 g tambaquis. Chromic oxide and barium carbonate are effective external indicators for estimating the digestibility coefficients of feedstuffs fed to tambaquis. Crude fiber and the acid detergent fiber present a low recovery and do not estimate accurately the digestibility coefficients of feedstuffs for tambaquis and also underestimate them. The insoluble ash in acid and the insoluble ash in detergent acid showed high recovery percentage and accurately estimated the digestibility coefficients of feedstuffs fed to tambaquis, when showed contents higher than 3.8 and 3.1, respectively. The direct determination technique was efficient to estimate the digestibility coefficients of the food given to the tambaquis

Digestibilidade aparente da farinha de aguapé em tilápias-do-nilo Apparent digestibility of water hyacinth meal by Nile tilapia

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar e comparar as digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e energia bruta (EB) e as disponibilidades aparentes de minerais das farinhas da biomassa emersa (lâmina foliar e pecíolo), submersa (raiz e rizoma) e total do aguapé em tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram elaboradas quatro rações marcadas com 0,10% de óxido de crômio-III (uma ração-referência purificada e três contendo 30,0% de cada ingrediente). As tilápias-do-nilo (125,5 &plusmn; 10,5 g) foram alimentadas até a saciedade e a coleta de fezes foi realizada pelo sistema Ghelph modificado. As digestibilidades aparentes da farinha da biomassa emersa (MS = 57,8; PB = 72,3; EE = 63,2 e EB = 62,0%) foram maiores que as das farinhas da biomassa total (MS = 45,7; PB = 57,3; EE = 50,3 e EB = 42,3%) e submersa (MS = 38,3; PB = 50,8; EE = 43,5 e EB = 32,0%). As disponibilidades aparentes de fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), manganês (Mn), cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) da farinha da biomassa emersa também foram maiores. A farinha de biomassa emersa do aguapé apresenta melhor digestibilidade e disponibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em comparação às farinhas da biomassa total e submersa.<br>This study was carried out to determine and compare the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), gross energy (GE), and the apparent availability of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn) of emergent (leaf and petiole), submerged (root and rhizome) and total biomass meal of water hyacinth for Nile tilapia. Four diets were prepared, containing 0.10% chromic oxide-III, one being the reference diet (purified) and the others containing 30% of each ingredient. The Nile tilapias (125.5 &plusmn; 10.5 g) were fed until satiation and the feces were collected by the modified Guelph system. The apparent digestibility of emergent biomass meal (DM = 57.8, CP = 72.3, CF = 63.2, and GE = 62.0%) was higher than the apparent digestibility of the total biomass (DM = 45.7, CP = 57.3, CF = 50.3, and GE = 42.3%) and submerged (DM = 38.3, CP = 50.8, CF = 43.5, and GE = 32.0%) biomass meal. The apparent availability of P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn of emergent biomass meal was also higher. The emergent biomass meal had higher apparent digestibility and apparent availability compared to submerged and total biomass meal