4,701 research outputs found
Transforming growth factor-β in graft vessels: histology and immunohistochemistry
OBJECTIVES: The biological functions of transforming growth factor-β signaling that involves Smad proteins have not been previously investigated with respect to coronary artery bypass grafts. The aim of the present study was to observe the immunostaining of proteins that are related to this signaling pathway. METHODS: Fifteen remnants of coronary artery bypass grafts, including nine saphenous veins, three radial arteries and three mammary arteries, were collected from 12 patients who were undergoing coronary artery bypass. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining of transforming growth factor-β1, type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, Smad2/3, Smad4, and Smad7 were performed. RESULTS: The saphenous veins showed more severe intimal degeneration, more severe smooth muscle cell proliferation and more collagen deposition than the arterial grafts, as evidenced by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stainings. Immunohistochemical assays demonstrated that the majority of the transforming growth factor-β1 signaling cytokines were primarily localized in the cytoplasm in the medial layers of all three types of grafts, whereas ectopic transforming growth factor-β1, type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, and Smad7 overexpressions in the interstices were observed particularly in the saphenous vein and radial arterial grafts. CONCLUSION: Enhanced transforming growth factor-β1 signal transduction with medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and ectopic transforming growth factor-β1, the presence of the type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, and Smad7 overexpressions in the extracellular matrix may provide primary evidence for early or late graft failure
Learning From Biased Soft Labels
Knowledge distillation has been widely adopted in a variety of tasks and has
achieved remarkable successes. Since its inception, many researchers have been
intrigued by the dark knowledge hidden in the outputs of the teacher model.
Recently, a study has demonstrated that knowledge distillation and label
smoothing can be unified as learning from soft labels. Consequently, how to
measure the effectiveness of the soft labels becomes an important question.
Most existing theories have stringent constraints on the teacher model or data
distribution, and many assumptions imply that the soft labels are close to the
ground-truth labels. This paper studies whether biased soft labels are still
effective. We present two more comprehensive indicators to measure the
effectiveness of such soft labels. Based on the two indicators, we give
sufficient conditions to ensure biased soft label based learners are
classifier-consistent and ERM learnable. The theory is applied to three
weakly-supervised frameworks. Experimental results validate that biased soft
labels can also teach good students, which corroborates the soundness of the
theory
Transforming growth factor-β in graft vessels: histology and immunohistochemistry
OBJECTIVES: The biological functions of transforming growth factor-β signaling that involves Smad proteins have not been previously investigated with respect to coronary artery bypass grafts. The aim of the present study was to observe the immunostaining of proteins that are related to this signaling pathway. METHODS: Fifteen remnants of coronary artery bypass grafts, including nine saphenous veins, three radial arteries and three mammary arteries, were collected from 12 patients who were undergoing coronary artery bypass. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining of transforming growth factor-β1, type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, Smad2/3, Smad4, and Smad7 were performed. RESULTS: The saphenous veins showed more severe intimal degeneration, more severe smooth muscle cell proliferation and more collagen deposition than the arterial grafts, as evidenced by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stainings. Immunohistochemical assays demonstrated that the majority of the transforming growth factor-β1 signaling cytokines were primarily localized in the cytoplasm in the medial layers of all three types of grafts, whereas ectopic transforming growth factor-β1, type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, and Smad7 overexpressions in the interstices were observed particularly in the saphenous vein and radial arterial grafts. CONCLUSION: Enhanced transforming growth factor-β1 signal transduction with medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and ectopic transforming growth factor-β1, the presence of the type I receptor of transforming growth factor-β, and Smad7 overexpressions in the extracellular matrix may provide primary evidence for early or late graft failure
7,11,18,21-Tetraoxatrispiro[5.2.2.5.2.2]heneicosane
The four six-membered rings all adopt chair conformations in the two independent molecules of the title cyclohexanone cyclic diacetal with pentaerythritol, C17H28O4
- …