Modelo de educación de la inteligencia colectiva

The research carried out is part of the field of study of Collective Intelligence (CI) with the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Higher Education. The heart of this research was focused on the study, design and construction of electronic tools according to the paradigms of CI, to be applied in Higher Education. As an instrument for the implementation of these tools, an educational model with a collective work approach was designed. The research strategy used was Design-Based Research (DBR), because it investigates a phenomenon in its real context, iterative and incremental, and it is especially recommended for the field of education. DBR in each experimental cycle updates literature, model and tools. Empirical studies were conducted in four universities and fields of study in Latin America and Europe. The refinements demanded by the research strategy provided the scientific and empirical evidence to design ICT tools that meet the requirements of CI. In addition, the results indicate that the educational model and the tools have generated a positive perception in teachers and students about the effects on the teaching-learning process. Based on this fact, the experimental cycles present significant contributions to the research carried out around the CI with ICT tools in Higher Education.La investigación realizada se enmarca en el campo de estudio de la Inteligencia Colectiva (IC) con el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicaciones (TIC) en la Educación Superior. El corazón de ésta investigación estuvo enfocada en el estudio, diseño y construcción de herramientas electrónicas acorde a los paradigmas de IC, para ser aplicadas en la Educación Superior. Como vía de instrumentación de dichas herramientas, se diseñó un modelo educativo con enfoque de trabajo colectivo. La estrategia de investigación que se utilizó fue la Investigación Basada en el Diseño (DBR), porque investiga un fenómeno en su contexto real, es iterativa e incremental, y está especialmente recomendada para el ámbito de la educación.DBR en cada ciclo experimental actualiza literatura, modelo y herramientas. Los estudios empíricos se realizaron en cuatro universidades y campos de estudio en Hispanoamérica y Europa. Los múltiples refinamientos exigidos por la estrategia de investigación, proporcionaron la evidencia científica y empírica para diseñar herramientas TIC que cumplan con los requisitos de IC. Además, los resultados indican que el modelo educativo y las herramientas han generado una percepción positiva en docentes y estudiantes sobre los efectos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Basados en este hecho, los ciclos experimentales presentan aportes significativos a las investigaciones que se realizan en torno a la IC con herramientas TIC en la Educación Superior

Capitate Glandular Trichomes of Paragutzlaffia henryi Harbor New Phytotoxic Labdane Diterpenoids

The morphology and chemical profile of the capitate glandular trichomes (CGTs) of Paragutzlaffia henryi (Acanthaceae) were investigated. Four new labdane diterpenoids named paraguhenryisins A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), together with the known physacoztomatin (<b>5</b>), were localized to the CGTs using laser microdissection coupled with cryogenic ¹H NMR and HPLC analyses and were traced and isolated from the CGT extract of inflorescences. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Bioassays indicated significant inhibitory effect for these diterpenoids on Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and seedling root elongation. The most potent inhibitor, paraguhenryisin C (<b>3</b>), was interestingly detected in both the rhizosphere soil and water rinsed inflorescences extract of <i>P. henryi</i> but not the roots, with average contents in the rhizosphere soil relevant to its phytotoxic EC₅₀ values. These results suggested that phytotoxic labdane diterpenoids in the CGTs might be released into the environment as a defensive measure for <i>P. henryi</i> against other competitive plants

New Antifeedant C₂₀ Terpenoids from <i>Leucosceptrum canum</i>

Three novel C₂₀ terpenoids, norleucosceptroids A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were isolated from the leaves and flowers of <i>Leucosceptrum canum</i> (Labiatae) and were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and, in the case of <b>1</b>, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structurally, compounds <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> should be categorized as pentanor-sesterterpenoids rather than diterpenoids. Moderate antifeedant activity of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> against the generalist plant-feeding insect <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> was detected, suggesting that they might also be involved in the plant defense against insect herbivores

Peltate Glandular Trichomes of <i>Colquhounia coccinea</i> var. <i>mollis</i> Harbor a New Class of Defensive Sesterterpenoids

A new class of unique sesterterpenoids, colquhounoids A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were identified from the peltate glandular trichomes of <i>Colquhounia coccinea</i> var. <i>mollis</i> (Lamiaceae) through precise laser-microdissection coupled with UPLC/MS/MS and spectroscopic analyses and X-ray diffraction. Very interestingly, their structural features and defensive function are closely related to leucosceptroid-class sesterterpenoids harbored by the glandular trichomes of another Lamiaceae taxon, <i>Leucosceptrum canum</i>, even though this is morphologically distinct and taxonomically distant

Schilancitrilactones A–C: Three Unique Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia

Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Compound <b>1</b> possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C₂₉ backbone, while <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> feature a C₂₇ skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compound <b>3</b> showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC₅₀ value of 27.54 μg/mL, and <b>1</b> exhibited antifeedant activity at 15.73 μg/cm²

Schilancitrilactones A–C: Three Unique Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia

Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Compound <b>1</b> possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C₂₉ backbone, while <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> feature a C₂₇ skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compound <b>3</b> showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC₅₀ value of 27.54 μg/mL, and <b>1</b> exhibited antifeedant activity at 15.73 μg/cm²

New triterpenoids from the aerial parts of the Uygur medicine <i>Salvia deserta</i>

Phytochemical investigation on the aerial parts of Salvia deserta led to the isolation of eight new pentacyclic triterpenoids including three oleanane- (1 − 3) and five ursane-type (4 − 8) triterpenoids, whose structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculation. Weak immunosuppressive potency was observed for compounds 1, 2, and 4 − 8 via inhibiting the secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages RAW264.7 at 20 μM. In addition, compounds 1, 2, and 4 − 6 exhibited moderate protective activity on t-BHP-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells.</p

Aphanamixoid A, a Potent Defensive Limonoid, with a New Carbon Skeleton from <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i>

Aphanamixoid A (<b>1</b>), a limonoid with a new carbon skeleton, along with its biogenetically related limonoid aphanamixoid B (<b>2</b>), was isolated from the leaves and twigs of <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i>. Their structures with the absolute stereochemistry were determined by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography and computational methods. The significant antifeedant activity of <b>1</b> against the generalist plant-feeding insect <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (EC₅₀ = 0.015 μmol/cm²) suggested it may be a potent defensive component of <i>A. polystachya.</i

Unraveling the Metabolic Pathway in <i>Leucosceptrum canum</i> by Isolation of New Defensive Leucosceptroid Degradation Products and Biomimetic Model Synthesis

Seven new leucosceptroid degradation products possessing a C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₅ framework, norleucosceptroids D–H (<b>1</b>–<b>5</b>), leucosceptroids P (<b>6</b>), and Q (<b>7</b>), have been isolated from <i>Leucosceptrum canum</i>. Their structures were determined by comprehensive NMR, MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Discovery of these key intermediates, together with the biomimetic oxidation of a model system, supports the hypothesis that two biosynthetic pathways are operative. Antifeedant activity was observed for compounds <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>

Biologically Active Dichapetalins from <i>Dichapetalum gelonioides</i>

A phytochemical investigation of the toxic tropical plant <i>Dichapetalum gelonioides</i> led to the isolation and identification of 14 new dichapetalins (<b>1</b>–<b>14</b>) and the known dichapetalins A (<b>15</b>) and K (<b>16</b>). The structures of the new compounds were determined by analyses of their NMR, MS, electronic circular dichroism, and X-ray diffraction data. The esterification at C-25 by 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid and the hydroxylation at C-2′ are unique in this unusual class of natural products. In addition to the known cytotoxicity, an array of biological activities, including antifeedant, nematicidal, antifungal, and NO and AChE inhibitory activities, were observed for this class of compounds. These findings suggested that dichapetalin hybrid triterpenoids as a class have broad biologically active cellular functions including defense against insect herbivores and pathogens