Potential of Core-Collapse Supernova Neutrino Detection at JUNO

JUNO is an underground neutrino observatory under construction in Jiangmen, China. It uses 20kton liquid scintillator as target, which enables it to detect supernova burst neutrinos of a large statistics for the next galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and also pre-supernova neutrinos from the nearby CCSN progenitors. All flavors of supernova burst neutrinos can be detected by JUNO via several interaction channels, including inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton, interactions on C12 nuclei, etc. This retains the possibility for JUNO to reconstruct the energy spectra of supernova burst neutrinos of all flavors. The real time monitoring systems based on FPGA and DAQ are under development in JUNO, which allow prompt alert and trigger-less data acquisition of CCSN events. The alert performances of both monitoring systems have been thoroughly studied using simulations. Moreover, once a CCSN is tagged, the system can give fast characterizations, such as directionality and light curve

Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with JUNO

As an underground multi-purpose neutrino detector with 20 kton liquid scintillator, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is competitive with and complementary to the water-Cherenkov detectors on the search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). Typical supernova models predict 2-4 events per year within the optimal observation window in the JUNO detector. The dominant background is from the neutral-current (NC) interaction of atmospheric neutrinos with 12C nuclei, which surpasses the DSNB by more than one order of magnitude. We evaluated the systematic uncertainty of NC background from the spread of a variety of data-driven models and further developed a method to determine NC background within 15\% with {\it{in}} {\it{situ}} measurements after ten years of running. Besides, the NC-like backgrounds can be effectively suppressed by the intrinsic pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities of liquid scintillators. In this talk, I will present in detail the improvements on NC background uncertainty evaluation, PSD discriminator development, and finally, the potential of DSNB sensitivity in JUNO

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Simultaneous Robust Coordinated Damping Control of Power System Stabilizers (PSSs), Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Power Oscillation Dampers (DFIG PODs) in Multimachine Power Systems

The potential of utilizing doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms to improve power system damping performance and to enhance small signal stability has been proposed by many researchers. However, the simultaneous coordinated tuning of a DFIG power oscillation damper (POD) with other damping controllers is rarely involved. A simultaneous robust coordinated multiple damping controller design strategy for a power system incorporating power system stabilizer (PSS), static var compensator (SVC) POD and DFIG POD is presented in this paper. This coordinated damping control design strategy is addressed as an eigenvalue-based optimization problem to increase the damping ratios of oscillation modes. Both local and inter-area electromechanical oscillation modes are intended in the optimization design process. Wide-area phasor measurement unit (PMU) signals, selected by the joint modal controllability/ observability index, are utilized as SVC and DFIG POD feedback modulation signals to suppress inter-area oscillation modes. The robustness of the proposed coordinated design strategy is achieved by simultaneously considering multiple power flow situations and operating conditions. The recently proposed Grey Wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm is adopted to efficiently optimize the parameter values of multiple damping controllers. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed coordinated design strategy are demonstrated through frequency-domain eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear time-domain simulation studies in two modified benchmark test systems. Moreover, the dynamic response simulation results also validate the robustness of the recommended coordinated multiple damping controllers under various system operating conditions

CcbP, a calcium-binding protein from <i>Anabaena</i> sp. PCC 7120, provides evidence that calcium ions regulate heterocyst differentiation

Although it is known that calcium is a very important messenger involved in many eukaryotic cellular processes, much less is known about calcium's role in bacteria. CcbP, a Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-binding protein, was isolated from the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, and the ccbP gene was cloned and inactivated. In the absence of combined nitrogen, inactivation of ccbP resulted in multiple contiguous heterocysts, whereas overexpression of ccbP suppressed heterocyst formation. Calmodulin, which is not present in Anabaena species, could also suppress heterocyst formation in both Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 andAnabaena variabilis. HetR induction upon nitrogen step-down was slow in the strain overexpressing ccbP. The Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; reporter protein obelin was used to show that mature heterocysts had a high intracellular free Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; concentration {[Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]i}, and immunoblotting showed that CcbP was absent from heterocysts. A regular pattern of cells with higher [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]i was established during heterocyst differentiation before the appearance of proheterocysts. A rapid increase of [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]i could be detected 4 h after the removal of combined nitrogen, and this increase was suppressed by excessive CcbP. These results suggest that Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions play very important roles in hetR induction and heterocyst differentiation