NADPH Oxidase 1 and Its Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Tissue Injury and Repair

Reactive oxygen species are mostly viewed to cause oxidative damage to various cells and induce organ dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, they are also considered as crucial molecules for cellular signal transduction in biology. NADPH oxidase, whose only function is reactive oxygen species production, has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes. The deficiency of NADPH oxidase extends the process of inflammation and delays tissue repair, which causes chronic granulomatous disease in patients. NADPH oxidase 1, one member of the NADPH oxidase family, is not only constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues, but also induced to increase expression in both mRNA and protein levels under many circumstances. NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species are suggested to be able to regulate inflammation reaction, cell proliferation and migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which contribute to the processes of tissue injury and repair

2-(4-Methyl­phen­yl)-1-(phenyl­sulfon­yl)propan-2-ol

The title compound, C16H18O3S, features a U-shape mol­ecular structure with a dihedral angle between the terminal benzene rings of 20.8 (1)°. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond helps to stabilize the mol­ecular structure. Inter­molecular classical O—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

The role of copper and zinc accumulation in defense against bacterial pathogen in the fujian oyster ( Crassostrea angulata )

Abstract(#br)Cu and Zn are hyper-accumulated in oysters, and the accumulation of these metals increases host resistance to pathogens. However, the role of Cu/Zn in oyster immune defense remains unclear. In this study, Crassostrea angulata with different levels of Cu and Zn were obtained through metal exposure or selective breeding. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that oysters accumulating more Cu/Zn exhibited stronger antibacterial abilities. Vibrio harveyi infection significantly promoted the metal redistribution in oysters: Cu and Zn concentrations decreased in the mantle, but increased in the plasma and hemocytes. This redistribution was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of Cu and Zn transporter genes (CTR1, ATP7A, ZIP1, and ZNT2), suggesting that the Cu/Zn burst observed in the hemocytes was likely due to the transfer of heavy metals from plasma (mediated by the metal importer proteins) or released from intracellular stores. The degree to which Cu/Zn concentration increased in the plasma and hemocytes was more dramatic in oysters with high levels of Cu/Zn accumulation. In vitro , Cu and Zn both inhibited the growth of V. harveyi , while Cu plus H 2 O 2 was lethal to the bacteria. The strength of the growth-inhibition and lethal effects depended on the metal dose. In addition to these effects, increases in Cu concentration increased the activity levels of PO in the oyster plasma and hemocytes in vivo and in vitro . However, SOD activity was not affected by Cu or Zn accumulation. Thus, our results suggested that the Cu/Zn burst in the hemolymph was an important factor in the oyster immune reaction, creating a toxic internal environment for the pathogen, as well as catalyzing inorganic or enzymatic reactions to strengthen bacteriostasis. By determining the extent of Cu/Zn burst in the immune response, Cu/Zn accumulated levels could affect the resistance of oysters to pathogens

The role of copper and zinc accumulation in defense against bacterial pathogen in the fujian oyster (Crassostrea angulata).

Cu and Zn are hyper-accumulated in oysters, and the accumulation of these metals increases host resistance to pathogens. However, the role of Cu/Zn in oyster immune defense remains unclear. In this study, Crassostrea angulata with different levels of Cu and Zn were obtained through metal exposure or selective breeding. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that oysters accumulating more Cu/Zn exhibited stronger antibacterial abilities. Vibrio harveyi infection significantly promoted the metal redistribution in oysters: Cu and Zn concentrations decreased in the mantle, but increased in the plasma and hemocytes. This redistribution was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of Cu and Zn transporter genes (CTR1, ATP7A, ZIP1, and ZNT2), suggesting that the Cu/Zn burst observed in the hemocytes was likely due to the transfer of heavy metals from plasma (mediated by the metal importer proteins) or released from intracellular stores. The degree to which Cu/Zn concentration increased in the plasma and hemocytes was more dramatic in oysters with high levels of Cu/Zn accumulation. In vitro, Cu and Zn both inhibited the growth of V. harveyi, while Cu plus H2O2 was lethal to the bacteria. The strength of the growth-inhibition and lethal effects depended on the metal dose. In addition to these effects, increases in Cu concentration increased the activity levels of PO in the oyster plasma and hemocytes in vivo and in vitro. However, SOD activity was not affected by Cu or Zn accumulation. Thus, our results suggested that the Cu/Zn burst in the hemolymph was an important factor in the oyster immune reaction, creating a toxic internal environment for the pathogen, as well as catalyzing inorganic or enzymatic reactions to strengthen bacteriostasis. By determining the extent of Cu/Zn burst in the immune response, Cu/Zn accumulated levels could affect the resistance of oysters to pathogens

N-(2-Amino­ethyl)-5-(dimethyl­amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide

In the title compound, C14H19N3O2S, the N atom of the dimethyl­amino group and the S atom are displaced by 0.078 (2) and 0.084 (2) Å, respectively, from the naphthalene ring plane. The 2-amino­ethyl group has a coiled conformation with an N—C—C—NH2 torsion angle of 53.6 (4)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into chains along [001]

5-[(3,4-Dimethoxy­benzyl)­aminomethyl­ene]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione

The title compound, C15H17NO6, is approximately planar, with dihedral angles of 3.11 (4) and 2.12 (4)° between the connecting amino­methyl­ene unit and the planar part of the dioxane ring, and between the dimethoxy­benzyl ring and the amino­methyl­ene group, respectively. The dioxane ring exhibits a half-boat conformation, in which the C atom between the dioxane O atoms is 0.5471 (8) Å out of the plane. The mol­ecule has an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond which may stabilize the planar conformation. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding contacts, result in the formation of sheets parallel to the ab plane

Storage of 1650 modes of single photons at telecom wavelength

To advance the full potential of quantum networks one should be able to distribute quantum resources over long distances at appreciable rates. As a consequence, all components in the networks need to have large multimode capacity to manipulate photonic quantum states. Towards this end, a multimode photonic quantum memory, especially one operating at telecom wavelength, remains a key challenge. Here we demonstrate a spectro-temporally multiplexed quantum memory at 1532 nm. Multimode quantum storage of telecom-band heralded single photons is realized by employing the atomic frequency comb protocol in a 10-m-long cryogenically cooled erbium doped silica fibre. The multiplexing encompasses five spectral channels - each 10 GHz wide - and in each of these up to 330 temporal modes, resulting in the simultaneous storage of 1650 modes of single photons. Our demonstrations open doors for high-rate quantum networks, which are essential for future quantum internet

High speed self-testing quantum random number generation without detection loophole

Quantum mechanics provides means of generating genuine randomness that is impossible with deterministic classical processes. Remarkably, the unpredictability of randomness can be certified in a self-testing manner that is independent of implementation devices. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of self-testing quantum random number generation based on an detection-loophole free Bell test with entangled photons. In the randomness analysis, without the assumption of independent identical distribution, we consider the worst case scenario that the adversary launches the most powerful attacks against quantum adversary. After considering statistical fluctuations and applying an 80 Gb $\times$ 45.6 Mb Toeplitz matrix hashing, we achieve a final random bit rate of 114 bits/s, with a failure probability less than $10^{-5}$. Such self-testing random number generators mark a critical step towards realistic applications in cryptography and fundamental physics tests.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figure