The Consumer Economic Security in Housing with the Mass Introduction of Energy Efficiency Technologies in Apartment Buildings

В данном исследовании в рамках анализа экономической безопасности потребителя рассматриваются современные процессы массового применения энергосберегающих технологий в сфере управления многоквартирными домами (далее МКД). Также выявлены и проанализированы предпосылки методологического обеспечения экономической безопасности в жилищно-коммунальном поведении человека при потреблении энергосберегающих товаров и услуг предприятий ЖКХ. В рамках методологической основы исследования использован комплексный подход к разработке теоретических и практических направлений и рекомендаций по совершенствованию региональных проектов при массовом внедрении энергосберегающих технологий в МКД. Методика проведения исследования предусматривала: опросы собственников в МКД г. Тамбова; авторский мониторинг и анализ информационных материалов по применению энергосберегающих технологий в МКД; анализ статистической информации. Статистические данные на основе описательной статистики позволили сформировать количественные и качественные параметры по заявленной проблеме с представлением их в таблицах. В качестве резюме авторы предлагают модель этапов внедрения энергосберегающих технологий, которая позволит совершенствовать проектные направления в региональном управлении, а также обеспечить комплексную экономическую безопасность потребителей – собственников МКД. Отдельные положения статьи и выводы применимы при совершенствовании нормативной базы региональной нормативной сферы, а также могут быть использованы региональными и муниципальными органами власти при проектном подходе управления экономической безопасностью потребителя услуг ЖКУIn this study, as part of the analysis of the consumer economic security, modern processes of mass introduction of energy efficient technologies in apartment building management are considered. The prerequisites for methodological support of economic security in housing behavior of a person, when consuming energy-saving goods and services of housing and and utilities are also identified and analyzed. As part of the methodological basis of the study, an integrated approach was used to develop theoretical and practical directions and recommendations for improving regional projects with the mass introduction of energy efficient technologies in apartment buildings. The methodology of the study included: surveys of apartment owners in Tambov; self-developed monitoring and analysis of information materials on the use of energy efficiency technologies in in apartment buildings; analysis of statistical information. Statistical data based on descriptive statistics allowed us to form quantitative and qualitative parameters of data on the stated problem, with their presentation in tables. As a summary, the authors propose a model of the stages of the introduction of energy efficiency technologies, which will improve the project directions in regional management, as well as ensure the improvement of the integrated consumers economic security of apartment owners. Certain provisions of the article and conclusions are applicable in improving the regulatory framework of the regional regulatory sphere, and can also be used by regional and municipal authorities in the project approach of managing the consumer economic security in housing and utilitie

Calibration methods for charge integrating detectors

Since the introduction of the extremely intense X-ray free electron lasers, the need for low noise, high dynamic range and potentially fast charge integrating detectors has increased significantly. Among all the problems that research and development groups have to face in the development of such detectors, their calibration represents one of the most challenging and the collaboration between the detector development and user groups is of fundamental importance. The main challenge is to develop a calibration suite that is capable to test the detector over a wide dynamic range, with a high granularity and a very high linearity, together with a certain radiation tolerance and the possibility to well define the timings and the synchronization with the detector. Practical considerations have also to be made like the possibility to calibrate the detector in a reasonable time, the availability of the calibration source at the experimental place and so on. Such a calibration test suite is often not represented by a single source but by several sources that can cover different parts of the dynamic range and that need to be cross calibrated to have a final calibration curve. In this respect an essential part of the calibration is also to develop a mathematical model that allows calibrating the entire dynamic range, taking into account features that are calibration source and/or detector specific. The aim of this contribution is to compare the calibration for the AGIPD detector using several calibration sources such as internal current source, backside pulsing, IR pulsed laser, LED light and mono-energetic protons. The mathematical procedure used to cali-brate the different sources will be discussed in great detail showing how to take into account a few shortcomings (like pixel coupling) that are common for many charge integrating detectors. This work has been carried out in the frame of the AGIPD project for the European X-ray Free Electron Laser

Percival : A soft x-ray imager for synchrotron rings and free electron lasers

In this paper, we are presenting the Percival detector, a monolithic CMOS Imager for detection of soft x-rays in Synchrotron Rings and Free Electron Lasers. The imager consists in a 2D array of many (2M) small (27um pitch) pixels, without dead or blind zones in the imaging area. The imager achieves low noise and high dynamic range by means of an adaptive-gain in-pixel circuitry, that has been validated on prototypes. The imager features on-chip Analogue-to-Digital conversion to 12+1 bits, and has a readout speed which is compatible with most of Free Electron Laser Facilities. For direct detection of low-energy x-rays, the imager is back-illuminated and post-processed to achieve 100% fill factor.

Characterization of the Percival detector with soft X-rays

In this paper the back-side-illuminated Percival 2-Megapixel (P2M) detector is presented, along with its characterization by means of optical and X-ray photons. For the first time, the response of the system to soft X-rays (250 eV to 1 keV) is presented. The main performance parameters of the first detector are measured, assessing the capabilities in terms of noise, dynamic range and single-photon discrimination capability. Present limitations and coming improvements are discussed

The PERCIVAL detector: first user experiments

The PERCIVAL detector is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources. Although still in its final development phase, it has recently seen its first user experiments: ptychography at a free-electron laser, holographic imaging at a storage ring and preliminary tests on X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The detector performed remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range; but also in terms of its frame rate, which is significantly faster than traditional CCDs. In particular, it is the combination of these features which makes PERCIVAL an attractive option for soft X-ray science