A comparison of a simple model of EUV dayglow with Viking data

Bibliography: p. 73-79

Monitoring the reservoir geochemistry of the Pembina Cardium CO2 monitoring project, Drayton Valley, Alberta

AbstractThe Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Project in central Alberta was built to assess the Cardium formation’s storage potential for CO2 and stimulate oil production. Three baseline trips and 28 monitoring trips were undertaken over a three year period from February 2005 to March 2008 to collect fluids and gas from eight producing wells. Chemical and isotope analyses were conducted on the fluid and gas samples to determine the changes in the geochemistry of the pilot area and to assess the fate of the injected CO2. It was found that within 67 days after commencement of CO2 injection, injection CO2 break-through occurred in four of the eight monitoring wells. Further, CO2 dissolution was observed in three of the four monitoring wells in this time frame and in one well, 12–12, both CO2 dissolution and calcite mineral dissolution were observed within 67 days of the onset of CO2 injection. Within 18 months siderite dissolution and calcite dissolution were observed in all four of these wells. In the remaining four wells, CO2 dissolution was observed, indicated by a slow decreased in pH from 7.5 to 7.2 with no significant change in total alkalinity or calcium concentration in the water. Inter-well communications were observed between wells 08–11 and 12–12 by means of residual “kill fluid” migration occurring from well 12–12 to well 08–11

Interactions of CO2 with Formation Waters, Oil and Minerals and CO2 storage at the Weyburn IEA EOR site, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Weyburn oil field in Saskatchewan, Canada, is hosted in Mississippian carbonates and has been subject to injection of CO2 since 2000. A detailed mineralogy study was completed as the basis for modeling of mineral storage of injected CO2. Combining the mineralogy with kinetic reaction path models and water chemistry allows estimates of mineral storage of CO2 over 50 years of injection. These results, combined with estimates of pore volume, solubility of CO2 in oil and saline formation waters, and the initial and final pore volume saturation with respect to oil, saline water and gas/supercritical fluid allow an estimate of CO2 stored in saline water, oil and minerals over 50 years of CO2 injection. Most injected CO2 is stored in oil (6.5•106 to 1.3•107 tonnes), followed closely by storage in supercritical CO2 (7.2•106 tonnes) with saline formation water (1.5 - 2•106 tonnes) and mineral storage (2 - 6•105 tonnes) being the smallest sinks. If the mineral dawsonite forms, as modeling suggests, the majority of CO2 dissolved in oil and salineformation water will be redistributed into minerals over a period of approximately 5000 years. The composition of produced fluids from a baseline sampling program, when compared to produced fluids taken three years after injection commenced, suggest that dawsonite is increasingly stable as pH decreases due to CO2 injection. The results suggest that hydrocarbon reservoirs that contain low gravity oil and little or no initial gas saturation prior to CO2 injection, may store the majority of injected CO2 solubilized in oil, making such reservoirs the preferred targets for combined enhanced oil recovery-CO2 storage projects

Determining Distribution and Size of Larval Pacific Geoduck Clams (Panopea Generosa Gould 1850) in Quartermaster Harbor (Washington, USA) Using a Novel Sampling Approach

Realistic species-specific information about larval life history is necessary for effective management of shellfish and parameterization of larval connectivity models. The patchiness of dispersing larvae, and the resources needed for sorting and identifying them, has limited many studies of larval distribution in the field, especially for species that are less common. In particular, little is known about in situ larval distribution of Pacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa Gould 1850), a commercially important species found in Puget Sound, WA. A novel approach-time-integrating larval tube traps paired with molecular identification and sorting (FISH-CS)-was used to determine the distribution of geoduck larvae over 4 moat 3 stations in Quartermaster Harbor. Larvae were found consistently at the surface and thermocline rather than at the bottom. More and larger larvae were captured in the inside and middle of the harbor than the outer harbor, indicating at least some larval retention. Two pulses of larvae were captured, in March and late May to early June. Size frequency distributions of larvae indicate that these were 2 separate cohorts of larvae, with the possibility of a pulse of larvae from elsewhere toward the end of the season. The only physical parameter associated with relative larval abundance was degree of stratification, although the association was weak. These data represent the first reported study of geoduck larval distribution in the field and the first use of the FISH-CS technique for field collections. In the future, this approach can be used to answer many relevant management questions locally and more broadly, including quantifying larval export from shellfish farms, placement of restoration sites and marine protected areas, and spread of invasive species

GENDER ANALYSIS OF HIP ABDUCTOR AND ADDUCTOR FORCE RATIOS

The strength of hip abductors (ABD) and adductors (ADD) have been implicated in athletic injuries. This study assessed ABD:ADD in a variety of testing conditions and sought to assess gender differences therein. Fifteen men and fifteen women participated in this study. Subjects performed maximum voluntary isometric muscle actions for hip ABD and ADD against a portable force plate which was manually applied statically by research personal. Subjects were tested in four conditions included supine, supine with hip flexion, seated with knee extension, and standing. Results revealed no significant main effects or gender interaction for testing position for ABD:ADD, ABD force, or ADD force (p ≤ 0.05). Results show that easy to use, valid, and reliable methods of assessing ABD:ADD exist, irrespective of testing position

KINETIC AND SEX-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE TRADITIONAL AND HORIZONTAL HANG CLEAN

The horizontal hang clean (H-HC) is a novel variation of the traditional hang clean (T-HC). This study evaluated the H-HC and T-HC and compared the horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces and the ratio of those forces (H:V), to the horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces and H:V of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and standing sprint start (SSS). Ten men and ten women NCAA Division III athletes performed the T-HC, H-HC, CMJ, and SSS on a force platform. Results revealed that the H-HC produced a significantly (p ≤ 0.001) greater H:V than the T-HC. There was no interaction between any of these variables and sex (p \u3e 0.05). The H-HC should be included in training programs of men and women to increase the likelihood of transfer of training to activities such as sprinting

Impact of injected CO2 on reservoir mineralogy during CO2-EOR

An investigation of the impact of injected CO2 on reservoir mineralogy was completed as part of the geochemical monitoring and modelling of the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Project southwest of Drayton Valley, Alberta, Canada. Oil production at the pilot is primarily from the upper two of three stacked sandstone units of the Cardium Formation in the Pembina field. Core analyzed included samples from each of the three sandstone units, and encompassed three distinct time periods: pre-water flood (1955), pre- CO2 flood (2005), and post- CO2 flood (2007). The results of whole rock analysis (XRF, ICP, and XRD), and microscopy (polarizing and electron microprobe) suggest the three separate sandstone units are both texturally and compositionally similar regardless of when the core was recovered. Framework grains are predominately sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz/chert (up to 90.0 wt%), and include smaller amounts of lithic fragments (shale), feldspar (k-feldspar, and albite), mica (muscovite and chlorite), and fluor-apatite. Authigenic pyrite is found as finely disseminated rhombs throughout the formation. Clay minerals present are predominantly kaolinite and illite. Kaolinite appears as fine discrete pore filling books, and is considered to be authigenic. Illite occurs as a major constituent of shale fragments, as well as fine pore bridging strands. The sandstone’s irregular pores are cemented to varying degrees by silica and/or carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite). Dissolution features associated with formation diagenesis, including the degradation of detrital grains (quartz and feldspar), the partial and/or complete removal of carbonate cements, and the presence of residual clays, are found in core from each of the three time periods. Attributing dissolution features in post- CO2 flood core to the interaction of minerals and carbonic acid is difficult due to the geologic history of the formation

Quantifying CO2 pore-space saturation at the Pembina Cardium CO2 monitoring pilot (Alberta, Canada) using oxygen isotopes of reservoir fluids and gases

Geochemical and isotopic monitoring allows determination of CO2 presence in the subsurface through the sampling of produced fluids and gases at production and/or monitoring wells. This is demonstrated by data from 22 months of monitoring at the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Pilot in central Alberta, Canada. Eight wells centered around two CO2 injectors were sampled monthly between February 2005 and February 2007. Stable isotope analyses of the samples revealed that changes in the δ13CCO2 values in produced gas as well as changes in the δ18O values of the produced fluids indicate CO2 presence and identify trapping mechanisms at select production wells. Using equilibrium isotope exchange relationships and CO2 solubility calculations, fluid and gas saturations in the pore space in excess of that occupied by oil were calculated. We demonstrate that stable isotope measurements on produced fluids and gases at the Pembina Cardium CO2 storage site can be used to determine both qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of CO2 around the observation well, given that the injected CO2 is isotopically distinct

The use of stable isotope measurements for monitoring and verification of CO2 storage

Stable isotope data can assist in successful monitoring of the fate of injected CO2 in enhanced oil recovery and geological storage projects. This is demonstrated for the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project (Saskatchewan) and the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Project (Alberta) where fluid and gas samples from multiple wells were collected and analyzed for geochemical and isotopic compositions. In both projects, C and O isotope values of injected CO2 were sufficiently distinct from those of background CO2 in the reservoir. Consequently C and O isotope ratios constitute a suitable ‘fingerprint’ for tracing the fate of injected CO2 in the respective reservoirs