493 research outputs found
Fluid dynamics of droplet generation from corneal tear film during non-contact tonometry in the context of pathogen transmission
Noninvasive ocular diagnostics demonstrate a propensity for droplet generation and present a potential pathway of distribution for pathogens such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. High-speed images of the eye subjected to air puff tonometry (glaucoma detection) reveal three-dimensional, spatiotemporal interaction between the puff and tear film. The interaction finally leads to the rupture and breakup of the tear film culminating into sub-millimeter sized droplet projectiles traveling at speeds of 0.2 m/s. The calculated droplet spread radius ( ∼ 0.5 m) confirms the likelihood of the procedure to generate droplets that may disperse in air as well as splash on instruments, raising the potential of infection. We provide a detailed physical exposition of the entire procedure using high fidelity experiments and theoretical modeling. We conclude that air puff induced corneal deformation and subsequent capillary waves lead to flow instabilities (Rayleigh-Taylor, Rayleigh-Plateau) that lead to tear film ejection, expansion, stretching, and subsequent droplet formation
Timescale for equilibration of N/Z gradients in dinuclear systems
Equilibration of N/Z in binary breakup of an excited and transiently deformed
projectile-like fragment (PLF*), produced in peripheral collisions of 64Zn +
27Al, 64Zn, 209Bi at E/A = 45 MeV, is examined. The composition of emitted
light fragments (3<=Z<=6) changes with the decay angle of the PLF*. The most
neutron-rich fragments observed are associated with a small rotation angle. A
clear target dependence is observed with the largest initial N/Z correlated
with the heavy, neutron-rich target. Using the rotation angle as a clock, we
deduce that N/Z equilibration persists for times as long as 3-4 zs (1zs = 1 x
10^-21 s = 300 fm/c). The rate of N/Z equilibration is found to depend on the
initial neutron gradient within the PLF*.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
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Metamorphosis of an identified serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila olfactory system.
BACKGROUND: Odors are detected by sensory neurons that carry information to the olfactory lobe where they connect to projection neurons and local interneurons in glomeruli: anatomically well-characterized structures that collect, integrate and relay information to higher centers. Recent studies have revealed that the sensitivity of such networks can be modulated by wide-field feedback neurons. The connectivity and function of such feedback neurons are themselves subject to alteration by external cues, such as hormones, stress, or experience. Very little is known about how this class of central neurons changes its anatomical properties to perform functions in altered developmental contexts. A mechanistic understanding of how central neurons change their anatomy to meet new functional requirements will benefit greatly from the establishment of a model preparation where cellular and molecular changes can be examined in an identified central neuron. RESULTS: In this study, we examine a wide-field serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila olfactory pathway and map the dramatic changes that it undergoes from larva to adult. We show that expression of a dominant-negative form of the ecdysterone receptor prevents remodeling. We further use different transgenic constructs to silence neuronal activity and report defects in the morphology of the adult-specific dendritic trees. The branching of the presynaptic axonal arbors is regulated by mechanisms that affect axon growth and retrograde transport. The neuron develops its normal morphology in the absence of sensory input to the antennal lobe, or of the mushroom bodies. However, ablation of its presumptive postsynaptic partners, the projection neurons and/or local interneurons, affects the growth and branching of terminal arbors. CONCLUSION: Our studies establish a cellular system for studying remodeling of a central neuromodulatory feedback neuron and also identify key elements in this process. Understanding the morphogenesis of such neurons, which have been shown in other systems to modulate the sensitivity and directionality of response to odors, links anatomy to the development of olfactory behavior.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are
MIA-BAD: An Approach for Enhancing Membership Inference Attack and its Mitigation with Federated Learning
The membership inference attack (MIA) is a popular paradigm for compromising
the privacy of a machine learning (ML) model. MIA exploits the natural
inclination of ML models to overfit upon the training data. MIAs are trained to
distinguish between training and testing prediction confidence to infer
membership information. Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving ML
paradigm that enables multiple clients to train a unified model without
disclosing their private data. In this paper, we propose an enhanced Membership
Inference Attack with the Batch-wise generated Attack Dataset (MIA-BAD), a
modification to the MIA approach. We investigate that the MIA is more accurate
when the attack dataset is generated batch-wise. This quantitatively decreases
the attack dataset while qualitatively improving it. We show how training an ML
model through FL, has some distinct advantages and investigate how the threat
introduced with the proposed MIA-BAD approach can be mitigated with FL
approaches. Finally, we demonstrate the qualitative effects of the proposed
MIA-BAD methodology by conducting extensive experiments with various target
datasets, variable numbers of federated clients, and training batch sizes.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, Accepted to be published in ICNC 2
A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR API BASED FILE PROCESSING
Various embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for defining, implementing, and / or executing batch processing of API transaction services and products. The system is configured to receive a plurality of file processing requests associated with API traffic from one or more clients and batch, one or more jobs associated with the plurality of file processing requests for the API traffic. Further, the system is configured to pick and initiate the process of executing the API call associated with the API transitions. Furthermore, it splits the input file into plurality of chunks and invokes the API call associated with the corresponding chunk and receives responses from API transitions as well as store the same in chunks. The processor within the system is configured to consolidate the plurality of responses stored in the chunks and write the response to an output file
Neutron to proton ratios of quasiprojectile and midrapidity emission in the Zn + Zn reaction at 45 MeV/nucleon
Simultaneous measurement of both neutrons and charged particles emitted in
the reaction Zn + Zn at 45 MeV/nucleon allows comparison of the
neutron to proton ratio at midrapidity with that at projectile rapidity. The
evolution of N/Z in both rapidity regimes with increasing centrality is
examined. For the completely re-constructed midrapidity material one finds that
the neutron-to-proton ratio is above that of the overall Zn + Zn
system. In contrast, the re-constructed ratio for the quasiprojectile is below
that of the overall system. This difference provides the most complete evidence
to date of neutron enrichment of midrapidity nuclear matter at the expense of
the quasiprojectile
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